Aqueous Corrosion of Phosphide Minerals from Iron Meteorites: A Highly Reactive Source of Prebiotic Phosphorus on the Surface of the Early Earth
Abstract
We present the results of an experimental study of aqueous corrosion of Fe-phosphide under conditions relevant to the early Earth. The results strongly suggest that iron meteorites were an important source of reactive phosphorus (P), a requirement for the formation of P-based life. We further demonstrate that iron meteorites were an abundant source of phosphide minerals early in Earth history. Phosphide corrosion was studied in five different solutions: deionized water, deionized water buffered with sodium bicarbonate, deionized water with dissolved magnesium and calcium chlorides, deionized water containing ethanol and acetic acid, and deionized water containing the chlorides, ethanol, and acetic acid. Experiments were performed in the presence of both air and pure Ar gas to evaluate the effect of atmospheric chemistry. Phosphide corrosion in deionized water results in a metastable mixture of mixed-valence, P-bearing ions including pyrophosphate and triphosphate, key components for metabolism in modern life. In a pH-buffered solution of NaHCO(3), the condensed and reduced species diphosphonate is an abundant corrosion product. Corrosion in ethanol- and acetic acid-containing solutions yields additional P-bearing organic molecules, including acetyl phosphonate and a cyclic triphosphorus molecule. Phosphonate is a major corrosion product of all experiments and is the only P-bearing molecule that persists in solutions with high concentrations of magnesium and calcium chlorides, which suggests that phosphonate may have been a primitive oceanic source of P. The stability and reactivity of phosphonate and hypophosphite in solution were investigated to elucidate reaction mechanisms and the role of mineral catalysts on P-solution chemistry. Phosphonate oxidation is rapid in the presence of Fe metal but negligible in the presence of magnetite and in the control sample. The rate of hypophosphite oxidation is independent of reaction substrate.
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Meteorites may have been an important source of reactive phosphorus, such as pyrophosphate and triphosphate, which are likely requirements for the emergence of life.
“In particular, meteorites may have been an important source of reactive phosphorus—such as the P-bearing ions pyrophosphate and triphosphate, key components for metabolism in modern life—a likely requirement for the emergence of life (Pasek and Lauretta, 2005).”
From The Astrobiology Primer v2.0 (2016) · cites this paper as Pasek and Lauretta, 2005
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Bryant, D. E., Greenfield, D., Walshaw, R. D., Johnson, B. R. G., Herschy, B., Smith, C. L., Pasek, M. A., Telford, R., Scowen, I. J., Munshi, T., et al. (2013) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2012.12.043 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationZiurys, L., Schmidt, D., & Bernal, J. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaafc6 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Geochemical Sources and Availability of Amidophosphates on the Early Earth
Gibard, C., Gorrell, I. B., Jiménez, E. I., Kee, T. P., Pasek, M. A., & Krishnamurthy, R. (2019) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201903808 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationPrebiotic Lipidic Amphiphiles and Condensing Agents on the Early Earth
Fiore, M., & Strazewski, P. (2016) · Life · doi:10.3390/life6020017 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
PHOSPHORUS-BEARING MOLECULES IN MASSIVE DENSE CORES*
Fontani, F., Rivilla, V. M., Caselli, P., Vasyunin, A., & Palau, A. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8205/822/2/l30 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Microbial Phosphite Oxidation and Its Potential Role in the Global Phosphorus and Carbon Cycles
Figueroa, I. A., & Coates, J. D. (2016) · Advances in applied microbiology · doi:10.1016/bs.aambs.2016.09.004 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Marine phosphate availability and the chemical origins of life on Earth
Brady, M. P., Tostevin, R., & Tosca, N. J. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32815-x · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Karki, M., Gibard, C., Bhowmik, S., & Krishnamurthy, R. (2017) · Life · doi:10.3390/life7030032 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Abundant phosphorus expected for possible life in Enceladus’s ocean
Hao, J., Glein, C., Huang, F., Yee, N., Catling, D., Postberg, F., Hillier, J., & Hazen, R. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.2201388119 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
On the potential roles of phosphorus in the early evolution of energy metabolism
Nicholls, J., Chin, J. P., Williams, T. A., Lenton, T. M., O’Flaherty, V., & McGrath, J. W. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1239189 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
RibonucleotidesPreprint
Sutherland, J. D. (2010) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a005439 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Links Between Hydrothermal Environments, Pyrophosphate, Na+, and Early Evolution
Holm, N. G., & Baltscheffsky, H. (2011) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/s11084-011-9235-4 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
A role for phosphorus redox in emerging and modern biochemistry
Pasek, M. A. (2018) · Current Opinion in Chemical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.09.018 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationSerpentinization as a route to liberating phosphorus on habitable worlds
Pasek, M. A., Omran, A., Feng, T., Gull, M., Lang, C., Abbatiello, J., Garong, L., Johnston, R., Ryan, J., & Abbott-Lyon, H. (2022) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2022.09.027 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationShock-transformation of whitlockite to merrillite and the implications for meteoritic phosphate
Adcock, C. T., Tschauner, O., Hausrath, E. M., Udry, A., Luo, S., Cai, Y., Ren, M., Lanzirotti, A., Newville, M. G., Kunz, M., et al. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms14667 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
An interstellar synthesis of phosphorus oxoacids
Turner, A. M., Bergantini, A., Abplanalp, M. J., Zhu, C., Góbi, S., Sun, B.-J., Chao, K.-H., Chang, A. H. H., Meinert, C., & Kaiser, R. I. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06415-7 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Phosphorus-bearing molecules in massive dense cores
Fontani, F., Rivilla, V. M., Caselli, P., Vasyunin, A. I., & Palau, A. (2016) · Max Planck Digital Library · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-Assembly of Phosphate Amphiphiles in Mixtures of Prebiotically Plausible Surfactants
Albertsen, A. N., Duffy, C. D., Sutherland, J. D., & Monnard, P. (2014) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2013.1111 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Gull, M., & Pasek, M. A. (2021) · Catalysts · doi:10.3390/catal11010086 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationOn the Origin of Phosphorylated Biomolecules
Pasek, M. A., & Kee, T. P. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-21625-1_3 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationOn the origin of phosphorus nitride in star-forming regions
Mininni, C., Fontani, F., Rivilla, V. M., Beltrán, M. T., Caselli, P., & Vasyunin, A. I. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1093/mnrasl/sly026 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Pirim, C., Pasek, M. A., Sokolov, D. A., Sidorov, A. N., Gann, R. D., & Orlando, T. M. (2014) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2014.05.027 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationScott, H. P., Huggins, S., Frank, M. R., Maglio, S., Martin, C. D., Meng, Y., Santillán, J. D., & Williams, Q. (2007) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2006gl029160 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Biogeochemical explanations for the world’s most phosphate-rich lake, an origin-of-life analog
Haas, S., Sinclair, K. P., & Catling, D. C. (2024) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-023-01192-8 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Phosphorus: a Case for Mineral-Organic Reactions in Prebiotic Chemistry
Pasek, M. A., Herschy, B., & Kee, T. P. (2015) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/s11084-015-9420-y · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationPhosphorus Volatility in the Early Solar Nebula.
Pasek, M. (2019) · Icarus (New York, N.Y. 1962) · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.07.011 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Paleomineralogy of the Hadean Eon Revisited
Morrison, S. M., Runyon, S. E., & Hazen, R. M. (2018) · Life · doi:10.3390/life8040064 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Volcanically extruded phosphides as an abiotic source of Venusian phosphine
Truong, N., & Lunine, J. I. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2021689118 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
de la Concepción, J. G., Puzzarini, C., Barone, V., Jímenez-Serra, I., & Roncero, O. (2021) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac1e94 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Origin of the PN molecule in star-forming regions: the enlarged sample
Fontani, F., Rivilla, V., van der Tak, F., Mininni, C., Beltrán, M. T., & Caselli, P. (2019) · Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2446 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Der Ursprung des Lebens: Blausäure
Sutherland, J. D. (2015) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.201506585 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Czochralskiite, Na4Ca3Mg(PO4)4, a second new mineral from the Morasko IAB-MG iron meteorite (Poland)
Karwowski, Ł., Kryza, R., Muszyński, A., Kusz, J., Helios, K., Drożdżewski, P., & Galuskin, E. V. (2016) · European Journal of Mineralogy · doi:10.1127/ejm/2016/0028-2557 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Geochemical Sources and Availability of Amidophosphates on the Early Earth
Gibard, C., Gorrell, I. B., Jiménez, E. I., Kee, T. P., Pasek, M. A., & Krishnamurthy, R. (2019) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.201903808 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationTodd, Z. R. (2022) · Life · doi:10.3390/life12081268 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Electrochemical studies of iron meteorites: phosphorus redox chemistry on the early Earth
Bryant, D. E., Greenfield, D., Walshaw, R. D., Evans, S. M., Nimmo, A. E., Smith, C. L., Wang, L., Pasek, M. A., & Kee, T. P. (2009) · International Journal of Astrobiology · doi:10.1017/s1473550408004345 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationMineralogy and petrology of fine‐grained samples recovered from the asteroid (162173) Ryugu
Noguchi, T., Matsumoto, T., Miyake, A., Igami, Y., Haruta, M., Saito, H., Hata, S., Seto, Y., Miyahara, M., Tomioka, N., et al. (2023) · Meteoritics and Planetary Science · doi:10.1111/maps.14093 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Kee, T. P., Bryant, D. E., Herschy, B., Marriott, K. E. R., Cosgrove, N. E., Pasek, M. A., Atlas, Z. D., & Cousins, C. R. (2013) · Life · doi:10.3390/life3030386 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationThe evolution of the surface of the mineral schreibersite in prebiotic chemistry
Cruz, N. L. L., Qasim, D., Abbott-Lyon, H. L., Pirim, C., McKee, A. D., Orlando, T. M., Gull, M., Lindsay, D., & Pasek, M. A. (2016) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · doi:10.1039/c6cp00836d · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Fuel Cell Model of Abiogenesis: A New Approach to Origin-of-Life Simulations
Barge, L. M., Kee, T. P., Doloboff, I. J., Hampton, J. M., Ismail, M. S., Pourkashanian, M. M., Zeytounian, J. L., Baum, M. M., Moss, J. A., Lin, C., et al. (2014) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2014.1140 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
On the prebiotic potential of reduced oxidation state phosphorus: the H-phosphinate–pyruvate system
Bryant, D. E., Marriott, K. E. R., Macgregor, S. A., Kilner, C. A., Pasek, M. A., & Kee, T. P. (2010) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/c002689a · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationSchreibersite: an effective catalyst in the formose reaction network
Pallmann, S., Šteflová, J., Haas, M., Lamour, S., Henß, A., & Trapp, O. (2018) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/aabb99 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Elucidating the Redox Cycle of Environmental Phosphorus Using Ion Chromatography
Pech, H., Vazquez, M. G., BUREN, J. V., Foster, K. L., Shi, L., Salmassi, T. M., Ivey, M. M., & Pasek, M. A. (2011) · Journal of Chromatographic Science · doi:10.1093/chrsci/49.8.573 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationIs Struvite a Prebiotic Mineral?
Gull, M., & Pasek, M. A. (2013) · Life · doi:10.3390/life3020321 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationData-Driven Astrochemistry: One Step Further within the Origin of Life Puzzle
Ruf, A., d'Hendecourt, L., & Schmitt-Kopplin, P. (2018) · Life · doi:10.3390/life8020018 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Shivalingam, A., Tyburn, A. E. S., El-Sagheer, A. H., & Brown, T. P. (2017) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.6b11530 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Prebiotic chemistry: a review of nucleoside phosphorylation and polymerization
Guo, X., Fu, S., Ying, J., & Zhao, Y. (2023) · Open Biology · doi:10.1098/rsob.220234 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Role of phosphite in the environmental phosphorus cycle
Liu, W., Zhang, Y., Yu, M., Xu, J., Du, H., Zhang, R., Wu, D., & Xie, X. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163463 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Phosphate Solubility and the Cyanate-Mediated Synthesis of Pyrophosphate
Hagan, W. J., Parker, A., Steuerwald, A. J., & Hathaway, M. (2006) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/s11084-006-9020-y · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Phosphine Generation Pathways on Rocky Planets
Omran, A. P., Oze, C., Jackson, B. K., Mehta, C., Barge, L. M., Bada, J. L., & Pasek, M. A. (2021) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2021.0034 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationStochastic Prebiotic Chemistry within Realistic Geological Systems
Dass, A. V., Hickman‐Lewis, K., Brack, A., Kee, T. P., & Westall, F. (2016) · ChemistrySelect · doi:10.1002/slct.201600829 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
An Experimental Study of Chemical Desorption for Phosphine in Interstellar Ice
Nguyen, T., Oba, Y., Shimonishi, T., Kouchi, A., & Watanabe, N. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aba695 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Routes to reduction of phosphate by high-energy events
Bindi, L., Feng, T., & Pasek, M. A. (2023) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-023-00736-2 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Pasek, M. A., & Lauretta, D. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- Venue
- Astrobiology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2005-08
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 515-535
- ISSN
- 1531-1074 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-8070
- OpenAlex
- W2092970453
- Cited by
- 251
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 4.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Astrobiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
- Keywords
- aqueous corrosion, iron meteorites, phosphonates, hypophosphite, pyrophosphate, triphosphate, diphosphonates, early Earth, origin of life, atmospheric chemistry, mineral catalysis
- MeSH terms
- Origin of Life, Corrosion, Iron, Minerals, Models, Chemical, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Organophosphorus Compounds, Phosphates, Phosphorus, Sodium Chloride, Solutions, Water, Sodium Bicarbonate, Earth, Planet, Exobiology, Meteoroids
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