ABM Clinical Protocol #4: Mastitis, Revised March 2014
Open accessAbstract
A central goal of The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine is the development of clinical protocols for managing common medical problems that may impact breastfeeding success. These protocols serve only as guidelines for the care of breastfeeding mothers and infants and do not delineate an exclusive course of treatment or serve as standards of medical care. Variations in treatment may be appropriate according to the needs of an individual patient.
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Breastfeeding can still be continued in patients with MRSA-infected breast abscesses during lactation.
“Therefore, breastfeeding can still be continued in patients with MRSA-infected breast abscesses during lactation [13, 15].”
From Clinical characteristics of lactational breast abscess caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: hospital-based study in China (2021) · cites this paper as [15]
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InfluentialFactors associated with treatment duration and recurrence rate of complicated mastitis
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Heron, E. L., Maselli, T., McArdle, A. M., de Oliveira, B., & McKenna, L. J. (2020) · International Breastfeeding Journal · doi:10.1186/s13006-020-00294-9 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Symptoms named in the ABM definition [1] of mastitis were the most commonly used by physiotherapists to diagnose mastitis.”
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Development and Evaluation of a Lactation Rotation for a Pediatric Residency Program
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Mastite lactacional grave: particularidades da internação à alta
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Biomarkers of oxidative stress derived damage to proteins and DNA in human breast milk
Illana, Á. S., Llorca, A. P., Escuder‐Vieco, D., Pallás‐Alonso, C. R., Cernada, M., Gormáz, M., Vento, M., & Kuligowski, J. (2018) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2018.01.054 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Mammary Dysbiosis and Nipple Blebs Treated With Intravenous Daptomycin and Dalbavancin
Mitchell, K. B., Eglash, A. R., & Bamberger, E. T. (2019) · Journal of Human Lactation · doi:10.1177/0890334419862214 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Exposed: Discrimination Against Breastfeeding WorkersPreprint
Morris, L., Lee, J., & Williams, J. C. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3341649 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Emzirme Sorunlarına Kanıta Dayalı Yaklaşım
Boran, P. (2020) · OSMANGAZİ JOURNAL OF MEDICINE · doi:10.20515/otd.681551 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
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Breast Pumps and Mastitis in Breastfeeding Women: Clarifying the Relationship
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Providing effective evidence based support for breastfeeding women in primary care
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General Use of Chinese Herbal Products among Female Patients with Mastitis in Taiwan
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“Mastitis diagnosis is usually based on clinical symptoms and signs, such as breast pain, heat, swelling, fever, and chills [2].”
BackgroundMastitis and/or plugged ducts? How to differentiate, help and treat?
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The Health Care Provider's Role in Securing Work Accommodations for Pregnant and Postpartum Patients
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Utilizing a Risk Factor Approach to Identify Potential Breastfeeding Problems
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“4 Once an abscess was formed, anti-infection treatment alone could not eliminate the abscess cavity.”
Perioperative Care of the Breastfeeding Patient
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Probiotics and human lactational mastitis
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“Mastitis, particularly in the first 6 weeks, is common, occurring in 3% – 20% of breastfeeding people [21].”
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“5 °C or greater, chills, flu-like aching, and prescribed antibiotics (Amir, 2014).”
MethodInfluentialLactation mastitis: Promising alternative indicators for early diagnosis
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The Use of Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine in the Management of Recurrent Mastitis
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“However, Foxman et al(3) concluded that conservative managements for mastitis were minimally effective on their own, and most cases of mastitis are eventually treated with antibiotics.(2,4) Antibiotics are often effective at eradicating the infection, but recurrence is not uncommon.”
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“The common cause of the disease is a Staphylococcus aureus and surface Staphylococcus infection, the early manifestation of which is the local inflammation of the breast (5).”
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“10 It is, therefore, surprising that the authors of this protocol award the use of probiotics a level of evidence 1–2.”
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Managing the Breastfeeding Patient in the Emergency Department
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“In fact, frequent emptying of the breasts is a necessary part of treatment of mastitis and breast abscess.(10) With an abscess, expressing and discarding milk for the first 24 hours of antibiotics is recommended.”
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anipindi, S. D., Field, A., Neville, C., et al. (2020) · InnovAiT Education and inspiration for general practice · doi:10.1177/1755738020904385 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Abrupt cessation of breastfeeding in mastitis may increase the risk of abscess formation (Amir, 2014).”
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Maternal knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding breastfeeding and mastitis
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“In this study, mastitis was defined according to the World Health Organization (WHO) and Academy of Breast-feeding Medicine (ABM) clinical protocols [20, 21].”
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Ye, H., Hu, D.-X., Zheng, H., Yang, Y., Lin, Y., Liu, J., Luo, X., Li, R., Hu, F., & Jin, L. (2023) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000034617 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“This disease usually occurs 6 weeks after delivery, but can also occur at any time point during lactation.[9] As defined by WHO, acute mastitis during lactation is “a state of breast inflammation, which may or may not be accompanied by infection,”[10,11] and it may lead to breast abscess and sepsis[12] and directly in…”
BackgroundInfluentialPharmacological management of common lactation problems
Lebedevs, T., & Kendrick, C. (2019) · Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research · doi:10.1002/jppr.1561 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Amir, L. H., & The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Protocol Committee
- Affiliations
- Royal Women's Hospital (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Amir, Lisa H.
- ORCID
- Amir, Lisa H.
- Venue
- Breastfeeding Medicine
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2014-06
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 239-243
- ISSN
- 1556-8253 (ISSN-L)
- 1556-8342
- PMC
- PMC4048576
- OpenAlex
- W1599012156
- Semantic Scholar
- bce71f7faf619b0448db8c065eb79b45177e0c08
- Cited by
- 212
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 8
- FWCI
- 6.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Breastfeeding Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
- Maternal and Child Health Bureau
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Breastfeeding Practices and Influences
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Breast Lesions and Carcinomas
- Keywords
- mastitis, breastfeeding, clinical protocols, breastfeeding success, breastfeeding complications, lactation management
- MeSH terms
- Abscess, Analgesia, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Breast Feeding, Candidiasis, Clinical Protocols, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Mastitis, Milk, Human, Pregnancy, Weaning
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