Chemistry and Biological Activities of Cannflavins of the Cannabis Plant
Open accessAbstract
Background: Throughout history, Cannabis has had a significant influence on human life as one of the earliest plants cultivated by humans. The plant was a source of fibers used by the oldest known civilizations. Cannabis was also used medicinally in China, India, and ancient Egypt. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC), the main psychoactive compound in the plant was identified in 1964 followed by more than 125 cannabinoids. More than 30 flavonoids were isolated from the plant including the characteristic flavonoids called cannflavins, which are prenylated or geranylated flavones. Material and Methods: In this review, the methods of extraction, isolation, identification, biosynthesis, chemical synthesis, analysis and pharmacological activity of these flavonoids are described. Results: The biosynthetic routes of the cannflavins from phenylalanine and malonyl CoA as well as the microbial biotransformation are also discussed. Details of the chemical synthesis are illustrated as an alternative to the isolation from the plant materials along with other possible sources of obtaining cannflavins. Detailed methods discussing the analysis of flavonoids in cannabis are presented, including the techniques used for separation and detection. Finally, the various biological activities of cannflavins are reviewed along with the available molecular docking studies. Conclusion: Despite the low level of cannflavins in cannabis hamper their development as naturally derived products, efforts need to be put in place to develop high yield synthetic or biosynthetic protocols for their production in order for their development as pharmaceutical products.
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Cannabis is rich in non-nitrogenous phenolic compounds, notably flavonoids and stilbenes, which have demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.
“In addition to NC compounds, Cannabis is also rich in non-nitrogenous phenolic compounds, notably flavonoids and stilbenes, which have demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.”
From Exploring the Lesser-Known Bioactive Natural Products of Plant Species of the Genus Cannabis L.: Alkaloids, Phenolic Compounds, and Their Therapeutic Potential (2025) · cites this paper as [16]
The Introduction (page unavailable) identifies flavonoids as a major class of Cannabis compounds. The Biological Activities sections report anti-inflammatory effects of cannflavins and moderate antioxidant activity for cannflavins A and C. The paper does not establish the claim about stilbenes or demonstrate antimicrobial properties for the phenolic compounds it discusses. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFlavonoids like cannaflavin A and B, unique to Cannabis, demonstrated notable inhibition of inflammatory pathways, with potency exceeding some NSAIDs.
“Flavonoids like cannaflavin A and B, unique to Cannabis, demonstrated the notable inhibition of inflammatory pathways, with potency exceeding some NSAIDs [15,16,17].”
From Exploring the Lesser-Known Bioactive Natural Products of Plant Species of the Genus Cannabis L.: Alkaloids, Phenolic Compounds, and Their Therapeutic Potential (2025) · cites this paper as [16]
The Introduction identifies cannflavins A and B as compounds isolated from cannabis, and the Anti-inflammatory effects section reports that both inhibit inflammatory enzymes. That section places their inhibition of prostaglandin E release between aspirin and indomethacin/dexamethasone, but does not explicitly establish that their potency exceeds an NSAID; the copy also does not establish that the compounds are exclusive to Cannabis. No page numbers are provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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- Authors
- Abdel-Kader, M. S., Radwan, M. M., Metwaly, A. M., Eissa, I. H., Hazekamp, A., & ElSohly, M. A.
- Affiliations
- Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University (SA)
- University of Mississippi (US)
- Al-Azhar University (EG)
- Hazekamp Herbal Consulting, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Corresponding author
- Abdel-Kader, Maged S.
- Venue
- Cannabis & Cannabinoid Research
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2023-12-01
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 974-985
- ISSN
- 2378-8763 (ISSN-L)
- 2578-5125
- PMC
- PMC10714118
- OpenAlex
- W4387094102
- Cited by
- 28
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 1.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2024-02-12)
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Greater South Information System
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bioactive natural compounds
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Phytochemistry and Biological Activities
- Keywords
- cannabis, flavonoids, prenylated flavones, flavonoid biosynthesis, microbial transformation, chemical synthesis, extraction and isolation, molecular docking, biological activity, phenylalanine, malonyl-CoA
- MeSH terms
- Cannabis, Flavonoids, Hallucinogens, Humans, Flavones, Molecular Docking Simulation, Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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