Beat the Fear of Public Speaking: Mobile 360° Video Virtual Reality Exposure Training in Home Environment Reduces Public Speaking Anxiety
Abstract
With this article, we aim to increase our understanding of how mobile virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) can help reduce speaking anxiety. Using the results of a longitudinal study, we examined the effect of a new VRET strategy (Public Speech Trainer, PST), that incorporates 360° live recorded VR environments, on the reduction of public speaking anxiety. The PST was developed as a 360° smartphone application for a VR head-mounted device that participants could use at home. Realistic anxiety experiences were created by means of live 360° video recordings of a lecture hall containing three training sessions based on graded exposure framework; empty classroom (a) and with a small (b) and large audience (c). Thirty-five students participated in all sessions using PST. Anxiety levels were measured before and after each session over a period of 4 weeks. As expected, speaking anxiety significantly decreased after the completion of all PST sessions, and the decrement was the strongest in participants with initially high speaking anxiety baseline levels. Results also revealed that participants with moderate and high speaking anxiety baseline level differ in the anxiety state pattern over time. Conclusively and in line with habituation theory, the results supported the notion that VRET is more effective when aimed at reducing high-state anxiety levels. Further implications for future research and improvement of current VRET strategies are discussed.
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In n=35 participants with PSA, three sessions of self-administered VRET following a gradual exposure approach led to a significant reduction in PSA symptoms, particularly in participants with high pre-treatment PSA.
“After VRET, a significant reduction in PSA symptoms was observed, particularly in participants with high pre-treatment levels of PSA (Stupar-Rutenfrans et al., 2017).”
From Virtual Reality exposure therapy in the treatment of public speaking anxiety and social anxiety disorder (2024) · cites this paper as Stupar-Rutenfrans et al., 2017
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“…to moderate or alleviate this through exposure therapy or by adjusting those elements which individuals react to with anxiety (Harris, Kem-merling, and North 2002; Heuett and Heuett 2011; Lister, Piercey, and Joordens 2010; Stupar-Rutenfrans, Ketelaars, and van Gisbergen 2017; Takac et al. 2019).”
BackgroundAn exploration-based SVVR approach to promote students’ chemistry learning effectiveness
Yang, Q., Lin, H. L., Hwang, G., Su, P., & Zhao, J. (2022) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2022.2135106 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“For example, researchers designed a real audience in SVVR so that English learners could repeatedly practice in the virtual environment through smartphones anytime and anywhere, which reduced their public speaking anxiety (Stupar-Rutenfrans et al., 2017).”
Immersive Phobia Therapy through Adaptive Virtual Reality and Biofeedback
Moldoveanu, A. D. B., Mitruț, O., Jinga, N., Petrescu, C., Moldoveanu, F., Asavei, V., Anghel, A. M., & Petrescu, L. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app131810365 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Some 360-degree virtual environments were used in [29], depicting three training scenarios: an empty classroom, a classroom with a small audience, and a classroom with a large audience.”
MethodLibera, C. D., Simon, J., Larøi, F., Quertemont, É., & Wagener, A. (2023) · Virtual Reality · doi:10.1007/s10055-023-00779-y · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Effects of audience familiarity on anxiety in a virtual reality public speaking training tool
Monteiro, D., Wang, A., Wang, L., Li, H., Barrett, A. J., Pack, A., & Liang, H. (2023) · Universal Access in the Information Society · doi:10.1007/s10209-023-00985-0 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Due to the benefits provided by VR in public speaking training, various training tools are designed to help people overcome their feelings of anxiety and improve their speaking skills [16, 25, 36, 37, 42, 44, 45].”
InfluentialVirtual Reality Software as Preparation Tools for Oral Presentations: Perceptions From the Classroom
Alsaffar, M. J. (2021) · Theory and Practice in Language Studies · doi:10.17507/tpls.1110.02 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“In the classroom, VR applications that allow students to practice public speaking while remaining in private—addressing only a virtual audience—offer great means of helping people overcome PSA gently (Hinojo-Lucena et al., 2020; Stupar-Rutenfrans et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialClemmensen, L., Bouchard, S., Rasmussen, J., Holmberg, T. T., Nielsen, J. H., Jepsen, J. R. M., & Lichtenstein, M. B. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-2453-4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Holmberg, T., Eriksen, T. L., Petersen, R., Frederiksen, N., Damgaard-Sørensen, U., & Lichtenstein, M. (2020) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2019.0295 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
SPEAKING ANXIETY OF FOREIGN LEARNERS OF TURKISH IN TARGET CONTEXT
Tulgar, A. T. (2018) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Doppelganger-based training: Imitating our virtual self to accelerate interpersonal skills learning
Kleinlogel, E. P., Curdy, M., Rodrigues, J., Sandi, C., & Mast, M. S. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245960 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Imagine All the People”: Imagined Interactions in Virtual Reality When Public Speaking
LeFebvre, L. E., LeFebvre, L., & Allen, M. R. (2020) · Imagination Cognition and Personality · doi:10.1177/0276236620938310 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“As VR becomes more cost affordable and user pervasive, the technology has the potential to assist with the further development and refinement of soft skills (Stupar-Rutenfrans et al., 2017).”
How Can we Use Simulation to Improve Competencies in Nursing?
Akselbo, I., & Aune, I. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-10399-5 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Extended Reality for Mental Health Evaluation: Scoping Review
Omisore, O. M., Odenigbo, I. P., Orji, J., Beltran, A. I. H., Meier, S. M., Baghaei, N., & Orji, R. (2024) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/38413 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Virtual reality exposure therapy
Sherrill, A. M., & ROTHBAUM, B. O. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91497-0.00023-0 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Chiang, C.-H., Huang, C., Sheu, J., Liao, J., Hsu, H., Wang, S.-W., & Guo, J. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/29862 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Investigating and acquiring motor expertise using virtual reality
Mangalam, M., Yarossi, M. P., Furmanek, M. P., Krakauer, J. W., & Tunik, E. (2023) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00088.2023 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Efficacy of virtual reality in reducing fear of public speaking: A systematic review
Daniels, M. M., Palaoag, T. D., & Daniels, M. (2020) · IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/803/1/012003 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Dilgul, M., Martinez, J., Laxhman, N., Priebe, S., & Bird, V. J. (2020) · Consortium Psychiatricum · doi:10.17650/2712-7672-2020-1-1-30-46 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Hung, S. A., Chen, W.-J., & Chien, S. (2023) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2023.2200811 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…practice could not only increase the participants ’ con fi dence, but also enhance their targeted skills (i.e. performing more safety behaviors, completing tasks faster, public-speaking) of dealing with similar situations (Hu-Au & Okita, 2021; Steinfeld et al., 2015; Stupar-Rutenfrans et al., 2017).”
Wang, X., & Zhou, M. (2024) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/00315125241297188 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“In the language education context, VR is a computer program-based, three-dimensional environment that allows different-sized virtual audiences to practice speaking the target language in public scenarios (Stupar-Rutenfrans et al., 2017).”
Linares-Chamorro, M., Domènech-Oller, N., Jerez‐Roig, J., & Piqué-Buisan, J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19169793 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A 360 Video Editor Framework for Interactive Training
Torres, A., Carmichael, C. L., Wang, W. Y., Paraskevakos, M., Uribe-Quevedo, Á., Giles, P. A., & Yawney, J. L. (2020) · SeGAH ... IEEE ... International Conference on Serious Games and Applications for Health/IEEE International Conference on Serious Games and Applications for Health · doi:10.1109/segah49190.2020.9201707 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“For example, in physical education, they can better demonstrate how a gymnasium is organized and how the exercises are performed [9], and in health care can help reducing anxiety when speaking in public in exposure therapy [10].”
BackgroundMor, S., Grimaldos, J., Tur, C., Miguel, C., Cuijpers, P., Botella, C., & Quero, S. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100462 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“…new options have also made VRET more accessible by developing, for example, affordable head-mounted displays to use with smartphones (Kato and Miyashita, 2015), providing the opportunity to deliver mobile-based treatments using virtual reality in people's homes (Stupar-Rutenfrans et al., 2017).”
BackgroundTeunisse, A. K., Pembroke, L., O’Gradey‐Lee, M., Sy, M., Rapee, R. M., Wuthrich, V. M., Creswell, C., & Hudson, J. L. (2022) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.12080 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Fang, A., Chhabria, H., Maram, A., & Zhu, H. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713115 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“(1) Public Speaking Q&A [121, 125].”
Fehlmann, B., Mueller, F. D., Wang, N., Ibach, M. K., Schlitt, T., Bentz, D., Zimmer, A., Papassotiropoulos, A., & de Quervain, D. J. ‐. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100627 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Competencia oral y ansiedad: entrenamiento y eficacia en estudiantes universitarios
Maldonado, M. Á., García, A. G., Crespo, J. M. A., Alós, F. J., & Moreno, E. M. (2022) · Revista Latina de Comunicación Social · doi:10.4185/rlcs-2022-1800 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Barmpoutis, A., Faris, R., Garcia, L., Gruber, L., Li, J., Peralta, F., & Zhang, M. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49695-1_18 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Haugan, S., Kværnø, E., Sandaker, J., Hustad, J. L., & Thordarson, G. O. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-10399-5_9 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
A study on the effect of different channel cues on learning in immersive 360° videos
Huang, G., Chen, C., Tang, Y., Zhang, H., Liu, R., & Zhou, L. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1335022 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Koller, M., Schäfer, P., Lochner, D., & Meixner, G. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics (ICHI) · doi:10.1109/ichi.2019.8904768 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“There is evidence that it can be considered as a distinguished sub-type of SAD and has a prevalence of about 20% [18].”
BackgroundManifest: Public Speaking Training Using Virtual Reality
Siddiqui, H., Irfan, H., Lakhani, A. S., Ahmed, B., Shaikh, S., Movania, M. M., & Farhan, M. (2023) · IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct) · doi:10.1109/ismar-adjunct60411.2023.00102 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Allman, S. A., Cordy, J., Hall, J. P., Kleanthous, V., & Lander, E. R. (2022) · Virtual Worlds · doi:10.3390/virtualworlds1010001 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“In addition, VR training has also been employed to enhance learner confidence [9] and to support wellbeing [10].”
Moreno, E. M., Montilla-Arechabala, C., & Maldonado, M. Á. (2022) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2022.2149224 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Peer comments were effective (Continued) Page 11 of 18 one of them reflected a nonsignificant reduction in this aspect, and another study only showed positive results in reduced anxiety for participants that began with a high level of public speaking anxiety (Stupar-Rutenfrans et al., 2017).”
MethodResultInfluentialA Systematic Review of Interventions Used to Reduce University Students’ Speaking Anxiety
Elahemer, H. H. M., & Said, S. M. (2022) · International Journal of Education and Practice · doi:10.18488/61.v10i2.2994 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“In li ne with previous research, virtual reality exposure interventions decreased S/FL learners’ SA (Nazligul et al., 2019; Stupar-Rutenfrans et al., 2017; Zacarin et al., 2019).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialHwang, A. H., Kim, J., Lobo, S. N., Shu, Y., & Won, A. S. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3555169 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Kruk, D., Plencler, I., Walecki, P. K., Daren, A., Stankiewicz, P., Proniewska, K. K., Nowak, A., Cechnicki, A., & Siwek, M. (2021) · Psychiatria Polska · doi:10.12740/pp/onlinefirst/142992 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“In recent years, there has been an emergence of first publications from studies using VR in the form of 360-degree videos – used to assess cognitive function, es - pecially memory [13, 14], as well as to assess the severity of social anxiety [15, 16].”
Application of Virtual Reality Speaking Assessment Tasks in an EFL Context
Heydari, M., & Marefat, F. (2023) · New language learning and teaching environments · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-18950-0_12 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Serafini, M., & Chittaro, L. (2024) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2023.2299738 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…settings (e.g. Davis et al. 2020; Denizci Nazligul et al. 2019; Glémarec et al. 2022; Kahlon, Lindner, and Nordgreen 2019; Sar-pourian et al. 2022; Stupar-Rutenfrans, Ketelaars, and van Gisbergen 2017; Sülter, Ketelaar, and Lange 2022; Valls-Ratés, Niebuhr, and Prieto 2022; Wechsler et al. 2021).”
Change gently: an agent-based virtual interview training for college students with great shyness
Geng, W., Zhou, C., & Bian, Y. (2024) · Virtual Reality · doi:10.1007/s10055-024-01076-y · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“VR serious games, with game-like interactions and conversations, allow users to acquire specific knowledge and skills (Borges et al. 2016; Stupar-Rutenfrans et al. 2017).”
The Effects of Ingroup Bias on Public Speaking Anxiety in Virtual Reality
Biesmans, L., van Hees, P., Rombout, L. E., Alimardani, M., & Fukuda, E. (2020) · International Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications (VISIGRAPP) · doi:10.5220/0008951600170024 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“VR hard-and software does not need to be of the highest quality, and the exposure does not need to happen in a therapy setting for it to be effective (Lindner et al., 2019; Stupar-Rutenfrans et al., 2017).”
BackgroundTuran, N., & Çetintaş, Ş. (2021) · Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies · doi:10.24193/jebp.2021.2.11 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
von Ebers, M., Nirjhar, E. H., Behzadan, A. H., & Chaspari, T. (2020) · INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMODAL INTERACTION · doi:10.1145/3382507.3418883 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Biomarkers in exposure-based treatment of anxiety in virtual reality: a systematic review
Ernst, M. T., Nielsen, J. H., Runge, E., Bouchard, S., & Clemmensen, L. (2024) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2024.1355082 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Educational uses of 360o Videos and low-cost HMDs. Reflecting on the Results of Seven Projects
Fokides, E. (2023) · Technology Knowledge and Learning · doi:10.1007/s10758-023-09666-6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Virtual reality exposure therapy for reducing students’ public speaking anxiety: A systematic review
Lestiono, R., & Lee, S. (2024) · The JALT CALL Journal · doi:10.29140/jaltcall.v20n2.1515 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Other than Germany and the Netherlands, the following studies reported on the adaptation of immersive VR-based environments to reduce speech appre-hension in other European countries.”
BackgroundInfluential
- Authors
- Stupar-Rutenfrans, S., Ketelaars, L. E. H., & van Gisbergen, M. S.
- Affiliations
- Breda University of Applied Sciences (NL)
- NHTV University of Applied Sciences, Academy for Digital Entertainment, Breda, the Netherlands.
- Corresponding author
- Stupar-Rutenfrans, Snežana
- Venue
- Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2017-10
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 624-633
- ISSN
- 2152-2715 (ISSN-L)
- 2152-2723
- OpenAlex
- W2767044148
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 14.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Breda University of Applied Sciences Portal (publishedVersion)
- Breda University of Applied Sciences Portal (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Communication in Education and Healthcare
- Keywords
- public speaking anxiety, virtual reality exposure therapy, mobile virtual reality, 360-degree video, home-based therapy, graded exposure, habituation, mobile application, anxiety reduction
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Phobic Disorders, Speech, Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
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