Instagram and TikTok Flow States and Their Association with Psychological Well-Being
Abstract
Despite their growing popularity, little research has focused on the association between Instagram and TikTok use and psychological well-being. Informed by Uses and Gratifications Theory, the present study investigates the flow states experienced when using each social media platform and whether these flow states differentially impact user well-being. A flow state is achieved when people are so engrossed in an activity that little else seems to matter to them and they will often continue the activity despite its negative consequences. Based upon a survey of adult Instagram (n = 195, Mage = 38) and TikTok users (n = 225, Mage = 37), the present study identified four unique clusters of users for both platforms based upon the levels of five flow dimensions: focused attention, curiosity, enjoyment, telepresence, and time distortion. Results found that TikTok users reported higher levels of overall flow than Instagram users. TikTok users also reported higher levels of the flow dimensions “enjoyment” and “time distortion.” The flow dimension of “telepresence” (immersion in a world created by the social media application) for both TikTok and Instagram users was associated with higher levels of depression and anxiety. These social media may provide an escape from everyday worries for users, although a suboptimal coping strategy. Whether Instagram and TikTok use are but “improved means to an unimproved end” is an important question that requires additional research.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Roberts and David (2023) found overall flow levels were higher for TikTok than Instagram users, especially in enjoyment and time distortion.
“Findings indicated that the levels of overall flow were higher for TikTok than Instagram users, especially in the context of dimensions 'enjoyment' and 'time distortion' .”
From Applying Uses and Gratifications Theory to TikTok: A systematic literature review of users' motivations (2025) · cites this paper as Roberts and David (2023)
Roberts and David (2023) found telepresence was associated with higher depression and anxiety levels in both TikTok and Instagram users.
“'Telepresence' , which reflected users escape from real world and immersion in a world created by the social media application, was associated with higher depression and anxiety levels in case of both groups of users.”
From Applying Uses and Gratifications Theory to TikTok: A systematic literature review of users' motivations (2025) · cites this paper as Roberts and David (2023)
Cites
1 retracted
Retracted: Digital Communication Media Use and Psychological Well-Being: A Meta-Analysis
Liu, D., Baumeister, R. F., Yang, C.-C., & Hu, B. (2019) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1093/jcmc/zmz013 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
RetractedInternet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being?
Kraut, R. E., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V. A., Kiesler, S. B., Mukophadhyay, T., & Scherlis, W. L. (1998) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.53.9.1017 · Cited by 4,830 · see citing works
Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being?
Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Mukophadhyay, T., & Scherlis, W. (1998) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.53.9.1017 · Cited by 4,793 · see citing works
Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out
Przybylski, A. K., Murayama, K., DeHaan, C. R., & Gladwell, V. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.014 · Cited by 3,932 · see citing works
College students' social networking experiences on Facebook
Pempek, T. A., Yermolayeva, Y. A., & Calvert, S. L. (2009) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.010 · Cited by 2,081 · see citing works
TurkPrime.com: A versatile crowdsourcing data acquisition platform for the behavioral sciences
Litman, L., Robinson, J., & Abberbock, T. (2016) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-016-0727-z · Cited by 1,978 · see citing works
Do social network sites enhance or undermine subjective well-being? A critical review
Verduyn, P., Ybarra, O., Résibois, M., Jonides, J., & Kross, E. (2017) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12033 · Cited by 1,209 · see citing works
Odgers, C. L., & Jensen, M. R. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13190 · Cited by 1,189 · see citing works
Online communication, social media and adolescent wellbeing: A systematic narrative review
Best, P., Manktelow, R., & Taylor, B. (2014) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.03.001 · Cited by 1,067 · see citing works
Determining Uses and Gratifications for the Internet
Stafford, T. F., Stafford, M. R., & Schkade, L. L. (2004) · Decision Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.00117315.2004.02524.x · Cited by 1,010 · see citing works
Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2007) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00368.x · Cited by 776 · cited 1× · see citing works
“10,33,34 Research by Kwak et al 35 focused on the flow experienced when using Facebook.”
Chen, G. M. (2011) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.10.023 · Cited by 747 · see citing works
Thoreau, H. D., & Carew, T. J. (1854) · doi:10.5962/bhl.title.146169 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Primack, B. A., Shensa, A., Escobar-Viera, C. G., Barrett, E. L., Sidani, J. E., Colditz, J. B., & James, A. E. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.013 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
On the psychology of TikTok use: a first glimpse from empirical findings
Montag, C., Yang, H., & Elhai, J. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.641673 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
Yim, O., & Ramdeen, K. T. (2015) · The Quantitative Methods for Psychology · doi:10.20982/tqmp.11.1.p008 · Cited by 554 · see citing works
Fear of missing out: relationships with depression, mindfulness, and physical symptoms
Baker, Z. G., Krieger, H., & LeRoy, A. S. (2016) · Translational Issues in Psychological Science · doi:10.1037/tps0000075 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Carriere, J. S. A., Seli, P., & Smilek, D. (2013) · Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale · doi:10.1037/a0031438 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Phubbed and Alone: Phone Snubbing, Social Exclusion, and Attachment to Social Media
David, M. E., & Roberts, J. A. (2017) · Journal of the Association for Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/690940 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Self-citationBrailovskaia, J., Schillack, H., & Margraf, J. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106511 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Gratifications and social network service usage: The mediating role of online experience
Huang, L.-Y., Hsieh, Y.-J., & Wu, Y.-C. J. (2014) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2014.05.004 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
The relationship between Instagram use and indicators of mental health: a systematic review
Faelens, L., Hoorelbeke, K., Cambier, R., van Put, J., Van de Putte, E., De Raedt, R., & Koster, E. H. W. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100121 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Instagram Inspiration: How Upward Comparison on Social Network Sites Can Contribute to Well-Being
Meier, A., Gilbert, A., Börner, S., & Possler, D. (2020) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1093/joc/jqaa025 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Kwak, K. T., Choi, S. K., & Lee, B. G. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.046 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
David, M. E., Roberts, J. A., & Christenson, B. (2017) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2017.1349250 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, J., Gaskin, J. E., Rost, D. H., & Gentile, D. A. (2017) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/0894439317721981 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Smartphone Use during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Social Versus Physical Distancing
David, M. E., & Roberts, J. A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18031034 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationThe brave blue world: Facebook flow and Facebook Addiction Disorder (FAD)
Brailovskaia, J., Rohmann, E., Bierhoff, H.-W., & Margraf, J. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201484 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Brailovskaia, J., Truskauskaitė‐Kunevičienė, I., Kazlauskas, E., & Margraf, J. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01711-w · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Passive Facebook Use and Depression
TOSUN, L. P., & Kaşdarma, E. (2019) · Journal of Media Psychology Theories Methods and Applications · doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000269 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The relationship between narcissism, intensity of Facebook use, Facebook flow and Facebook addiction
Brailovskaia, J., Bierhoff, H.-W., Rohmann, E., Raeder, F., & Margraf, J. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100265 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Valkenburg, P. M., Beyens, I., Pouwels, J. L., van Driel, I. I., & Keijsers, L. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/gzu3y · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Browsing Different Instagram Profiles and Associations With Psychological Well-Being
Burnell, K., George, M. J., & Underwood, M. K. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Dynamics · doi:10.3389/fhumd.2020.585518 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Brailovskaia, J., & Margraf, J. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100374 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Text-Message Dependency, Executive Function, and Impulsivity in College Students: A Cluster Analysis
Hayashi, Y., & Washio, Y. (2020) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2019.0743 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
New Digital Media and Flow: A Study of Experience
Gruner, D. T. (2016) · Creativity Theories – Research – Applications · doi:10.1515/ctra-2016-0021 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Zhu, C., Jiang, Y., Lei, H., Wang, H., & Zhang, C. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30346 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Roberts, J. A., & David, M. E. (2025) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2024.0338 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationXiong, S., Chen, J., & Yao, N. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1361497 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
TikTok Brain: An Investigation of Short-Form Video Use, Self-Control, and Phubbing
David, M. E., & Roberts, J. A. (2024) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/08944393241279422 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effects of fragmented and sticky smartphone use on distraction and task delay
Siebers, T., Beyens, I., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2023) · Mobile Media & Communication · doi:10.1177/20501579231193941 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Cross-Cultural comparison of TikTok uses and gratifications
Deng, T., Vargas-Bianchi, L., & Mensa, M. (2024) · Behaviour & Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2023.2270534 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The Use of Instagram and TikTok in Relation to Problematic Use and Well-Being
Hendrikse, C., & Limniou, M. (2024) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-024-00399-6 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Generative AI and Social Media May Exacerbate the Climate Crisis
van der Ven, H., Corry, D., Elnur, R. I., Provost, V. J., & Syukron, M. (2024) · Global Environmental Politics · doi:10.1162/glep_a_00747 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Swiping more, thinking less: Using TikTok hinders analytic thinking
Ma, L., & Jiang, Q. (2024) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2024-3-1 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Short Made Them Powerful: Exploring Motivations and Problematic Uses of TikTok
Jung, Y., Kim, T., Lee, S., Min, S., & Sung, Y. (2025) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2024.0328 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Countering Social Media Cybercrime Using Deep Learning: Instagram Fake Accounts Detection
Alharbi, N. H., Alkalifah, B., Alqarawi, G., & Rassam, M. A. (2024) · Future Internet · doi:10.3390/fi16100367 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Yin, C., Huang, Y., Kim, D., & Kim, K. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su151612207 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Yu, Z., Xiong, S., Yao, N., & Chen, J. (2025) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2025.101991 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Pittman, M., & Li, Q. (2025) · Journal of Interactive Advertising · doi:10.1080/15252019.2025.2475792 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Framing, agency, and athlete activism: The case of simone biles at the 2020 olympics
McDermott, V. M. (2024) · Public Relations Review · doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2024.102457 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Dennis, M. T., & Davis, C. G. (2025) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-025-01131-6 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Balcı, Ş., Akgül, T. E., & Astam, F. K. (2024) · Erciyes İletişim Dergisi · doi:10.17680/erciyesiletisim.1442074 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Obadă, D.-R., & Ţugulea, O. (2024) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2024.1470327 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Made With AI: Consumer Engagement With Social Media Containing AI Disclosures
Carney, S., Riveros, I., & Tully, S. M. (2026) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucag013 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Interaction with AI companions and psychological well-being
Zhang, Y., Zhao, D., Hancock, J. T., Kraut, R. E., & Yang, D. (2026) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-026-02516-2 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
How Are Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Violence Portrayed on Social Media?
Taccini, F., & Mannarini, S. (2024) · Journal of Media Psychology Theories Methods and Applications · doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000402 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Deng, H., Song, K., Geng, X., Xu, L., Zhang, J., Li, X., He, J., Potenza, M. N., & Zhang, J. (2024) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-024-02620-6 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Sun, Y., Zheng, K., Zheng, J., Kong, L., Gu, J., & Huang, T. (2023) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2022.0373 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Xu, X.-P., Li, H., Bai, R., & Liu, Q. (2024) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s487298 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Won’t Stop ’Til You Get Enough? Determinants of Disengaging From Mobile Media Apps in Daily Life
Ernst, A., & Schnauber-Stockmann, A. (2025) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/00936502251378582 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Schukow, C. P., Punjabi, L. S., & Abdul‐Karim, F. W. (2023) · Advances in Anatomic Pathology · doi:10.1097/pap.0000000000000424 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Psychology Tok: Use of TikTok, Mood, and Self-Perception in a Sample of College Students
Barry, C. T., Berbano, M.-I., Anderson, A., & Levy, S. (2024) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-024-00390-1 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Exploring teen well-being and social media use during the pandemic summer of 2020
Rutledge, S. A., Bunn, S., Paul, M., Dennen, V. P., & Park-Gaghan, T. J. (2025) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2024.2447464 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Zahid, M. N., Kamran, M., Szostak, M., & Awan, T. M. (2024) · foresight · doi:10.1108/fs-10-2023-0197 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Easy Data Augmentation in Sentiment Analysis of Cyberbullying
Wirawan, A., Cahyono, H. D., & Winarno, W. (2023) · International Conference on Information and Communications Technology (ICOIACT) · doi:10.1109/icoiact59844.2023.10455817 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Time to BeReal! Exploring users’ well-being in relation to BeReal use duration
Kaňková, J., Stević, A., Binder, A., & Matthes, J. (2025) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448251317689 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Dowthwaite, L., Spence, A., Lintott, C. J., Miller, G. R. M., Sprinks, J., Blickhan, S., & Houghton, R. J. (2024) · ACM Transactions on Social Computing · doi:10.1145/3702210 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Goljović, N. (2024) · Psiholoska istrazivanja · doi:10.5937/psistra0-47663 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Liu, Y., & Marciano, L. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-81665-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Towards sustainable short-form video: Modelling solutions for social and environmental challenges
Szalkowski, G. A., Windekilde, I. M., & Johansen, C. (2025) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.161812.1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Riding the short video wave: Sense of agency in motion among young users on Douyin
Xu, Y., Wang, J., & Chen, Z. (2025) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448251338515 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Chat with the 'For You' Algorithm: An LLM-Enhanced Chatbot for Controlling Video Recommendation Flow
Niu, S., Vishnuvardhan, D., & Punnam, V. S. R. (2025) · ACM Conference on Conversational User Interfaces (CUI) · doi:10.1145/3719160.3736628 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Liu, B., Liu, V., He, K., & Ou, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1701187 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
An analytical study of worker well-being and COVID-19 impact using Bayesian panel modeling
Nakakita, M., Toyabe, T., Kubota, N., Saito, W., & Nakatsuma, T. (2025) · Healthcare Analytics · doi:10.1016/j.health.2025.100434 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Morgan, H., Gibson, H. E., & Rabearivelo, Y. (2025) · Journal of Popular Music Studies · doi:10.1525/jpms.2025.37.4.42 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
How TikTok Influences Gen Z 's Consumer Decisions: A Systematic Review
Lu, Y., Ding, X., & Lin, Y. (2026) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.70206 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Altendorfer, L.-M., & Huber, B. (2024) · Medien & Kommunikationswissenschaft · doi:10.5771/1615-634x-2024-1-49 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Recommendation System as a Social Determinant of Health
Goswami, A. (2024) · Digital Society · doi:10.1007/s44206-024-00118-x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Social media use predicts depression and anxiety for people with social avoidance goals
Sojo, D., & Pazda, A. D. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06764-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hämäläinen, A., Salo, M., & Pirkkalainen, H. (2024) · Human Technology · doi:10.14254/1795-6889.2024.20-3.11 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Reducing echo chamber effects: an allostatic regulator for recommendation algorithms
Henry, N., Pedersen, M., Williams, M. N., Martin, J. L. B., & Donkin, L. (2025) · Journal of Psychology and AI · doi:10.1080/29974100.2025.2517191 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Design Knowledge for Sensitive Social Media Recommender Systems
Bonenberger, L., & Lanzl, J. (2025) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-025-10628-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Surging Eco-Anxiety: Consequences for Global Environmental Politics
Dauvergne, P., & van der Ven, H. (2025) · Global Environmental Politics · doi:10.1162/glep.a.17 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lee, J., Soh, J., & Kim, E. (2025) · Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising · doi:10.1080/10641734.2025.2568874 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sramek, Z., Lokuge, S., Sternat, T., Katzman, M. A., & Yatani, K. (2025) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3770713 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Modica, C. A., & Bailey, K. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2594151 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Usefulness and Students' Perception of TikTok Application as a Learning Tool in Higher Education
Lah, N. H. C., Eriansah, J. R., Mustafa, W. A., Hanafi, H. F., Ghani, M. M., Al‐Jawahry, H. M., Hamizan, M. H., Hashim, S., Jumaat, N. F., & Almoussawi, Z. A. (2023) · International Conference on Mobile Networks and Wireless Communications (ICMNWC) · doi:10.1109/icmnwc60182.2023.10435929 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
El humor en TikTok: un caso de estudio de cinco creadores de contenido españoles
Molina-Fuster, J., & Díaz-Lucena, A. (2024) · Ámbitos Revista Internacional de Comunicación · doi:10.12795/ambitos.2024.i63.09 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gardea‐Resendez, M., Breitinger, S. A., Walker, A., Harper, L., Xiong, A. E., Stoppel, C. J., Volety, R., Raman, J., Byun, J. S., Langholm, C., et al. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/pra.0000000000000820 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Perkembangan Bahasa di Media Sosial: dari Bahasa Gaul hingga Singkatan Populer
Bajuri, M. Z. J., Rahman, F., & Ilma, A. A. (2025) · Pujangga · doi:10.47313/pujangga.v10i2.3910 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Boyington, M., Landrin, O., & Olejniczak, R. (2025) · Frontiers The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad · doi:10.36366/frontiers.v37i1.995 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Students’ Social Media Use and Severity of Depression
Tungol, J., & Enad, F. B. (2025) · Psychology and Education A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.70838/pemj.360303 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Problematic Social Media Use and Anxiety: A Literature Review and Conceptual ModelPreprint
Sahu, A., Shukla, V., Gillespie, K. M., Tobin, S. J., & Bartlett, S. E. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8225360/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Krstić, J., & Domazet, I. (2025) · Marketing · doi:10.5937/mkng2504265k
Wisch und weg: In der Schleife von TikToks For You Page
Pawlow, K. (2025) · Digitale Linguistik · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-70712-8_5
LEVİ, E., & Genç, E. A. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-2023-6.ch011
Mengapa kita bisa kecanduan Netflix?
Salehudin, I. (2024) · doi:10.64628/aan.ewvxgv5ku
Sallam, S., Sakamoto, Y., Herath, A., Petrie, J., BRUSSONI, M. J., Jacob, J., & Irani, P. (2025) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3743722
Mythiri, B., James, R., & Perannagari, K. T. (2025) · World Leisure Journal · doi:10.1080/16078055.2025.2589318
Demirelli, A. E., & Kılınç, K. (2025) · Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.30798/makuiibf.1743779
Li, X., Bai, M., & Yang, X. (2025) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2025.113625
Evaluation of Immersion in the Flow State from the Variation of the Instagram Web Interface
Marques, A. C. D. A., & Marques-Neto, H. T. (2026) · Journal on Interactive Systems · doi:10.5753/jis.2026.4438
Social media, absorption, and stress: Divergent paths to self-esteem
Davis, S. W., Barahmand, U., Russo, R., Antunano, M., Asamoah, J., Bernstein, C., Bass, B., & Solodar, M. (2026) · Mediterranean Journal of Social & Behavioral Research · doi:10.29333/mjosbr/17853
Jiang, M., Ding, W., Wang, X., Wenren, S., Sun, Z., & Xie, R. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-026-09084-8
Digital stress and well-being among Peruvian adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic
Lopez, D. E. M., Foster, K. T., & Magis‐Weinberg, L. (2026) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2026.100997 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Development and psychometric evaluation of a Turkish adaptation of the social media flow scale
Huang, P., Brailovskaia, J., Ruckwongpatr, K., Gökalp, A., Griffiths, M. D., Potenza, M. N., Üztemur, S., & Lin, C. (2026) · Journal of Social Media Research · doi:10.29329/jsomer.96
Masna, U. K., Sidin, U. S., & Fakhri, M. M. (2026) · Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1108/jarhe-10-2025-0818
Siebenhandl, A., Volsa, S., & Stieger, S. (2026) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1177/21522715261451013
Beyond apps: a method to model full distributions of screen content over time to study media effects
Chi, Y., Cho, M.-J., Molaib, K. M., Sun, X., Robinson, T. N., Ram, N., & Reeves, B. B. (2026) · Communication Methods and Measures · doi:10.1080/19312458.2026.2697199
Yan, Z., & Zhang, W. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1890073
How is time spent on TikTok related to electronic word of mouth? A PESO model approach
Obadă, D.-R., & Ţugulea, O. (2026) · Telematics and Informatics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.teler.2026.100349
Chen, H.-Y. (2026) · Entertainment Computing · doi:10.1016/j.entcom.2026.101205
Goyanes, M., & Trifiro, B. M. (2026) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.70200
Short-form video, cognitive and mental health outcomes: a systematic review
arouch, S., Edgcumbe, D., Pezaro, S., & da Silva, K. M. (2026) · BMJ Public Health · doi:10.1136/bmjph-2025-004086
David, M. E., & Roberts, J. A. (2026) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2026.2742721
Self-citationPan, W., Brittain, N., Grey, W., Austen, E., & Griffiths, S. (2026) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.70248
Liu, X., Guo, K., Cheng, W., & Li, S. (2026) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2026.2753420
- Authors
- Roberts, J. A., & David, M. E.
- Affiliations
- Baylor University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Roberts, James A.
- Venue
- Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2023-02-01
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 80-89
- ISSN
- 2152-2715 (ISSN-L)
- 2152-2723
- OpenAlex
- W4318486660
- Cited by
- 84
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 8
- FWCI
- 40.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Flow Experience in Various Fields
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Media and Digital Communication
- Keywords
- Instagram, TikTok, flow experience, psychological well-being, uses and gratifications theory, social media use, telepresence, time distortion, enjoyment, depression, anxiety, coping strategies, user clusters
- MeSH terms
- Psychological Well-Being, Adult, Anxiety, Humans, Surveys and Questionnaires, Social Networking, Social Media
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
