Retracted: Digital Communication Media Use and Psychological Well-Being: A Meta-Analysis
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The puzzle of whether digital media are improving or harming psychological well-being has been plaguing researchers and the public for decades. Derived from media richness theory, this study proposed that phone calls and texting improve well-being, while use of social network sites (SNSs), instant messaging (IM), and online gaming may displace other social contacts and, thereby, impair well-being. To test this hypothesis, a meta-analysis of 124 studies was conducted. The results showed that phone calls and texting were positively correlated with well-being, whereas online gaming was negatively associated with well-being. Furthermore, the relationship between digital media use and well-being was also contingent upon the way the technology was used. A series of meta-analyses of different types of SNS use and well-being was used to elucidate this point: interaction, self-presentation, and entertainment on SNSs were associated with better well-being, whereas consuming SNSs’ content was associated with poorer well-being.
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A power analysis based on a small-to-medium effect size (f2 = 0.09) indicated that a sample size of 200 provides 90 percent power (α = 0.05) to detect a significant effect, and the authors aimed to recruit 250 participants.
“A power analysis using G*Power based on a small-to-medium effect size (f2 = 0.09) between social media use and each of our dependent variables indicated that a sample size of 200 provides 90 percent power (α = 0.05) to detect a significant effect; we intentionally oversampled and aimed to recruit 250 participants to account for participants who opt out of providing blood samples.”
From Social Media Use and Its Link to Physical Health Indicators (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
The displacement hypothesis posits that time spent on social media may have detrimental effects by displacing activities beneficial to well-being and health, such as sleep, exercise, or face-to-face interactions.
“This perspective aligns with the displacement hypothesis, which posits that time spent on social media may have detrimental effects by displacing activities that are beneficial to well-being and health—for example, sleep, exercise, or face-to-face interactions.7,26”
From Social Media Use and Its Link to Physical Health Indicators (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
A large body of research indicates a small, negative association between social media use and psychological well-being.
“Although there is no consensus, a large body of research indicates a small, negative association between social media use and psychological well-being (Liu et al., 2019; Kross et al., 2021; also see Orben et al., 2019).”
From Social media use and systemic inflammation: The moderating role of self-esteem (2021) · cites this paper as Liu et al., 2019
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- Authors
- Liu, D., Baumeister, R. F., Yang, C.-C., & Hu, B.
- Affiliations
- Renmin University of China (CN)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Oklahoma State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Baumeister, Roy F
- Venue
- Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2019-09-01
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 259-273
- ISSN
- 1083-6101 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2979901578
- Cited by
- 260
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 19
- FWCI
- 8.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Status
- Retracted
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Key Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences in Universities (16JJD860008)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Media and Digital Communication
- Social Sciences › Demography › Technology Use by Older Adults
- Keywords
- digital media use, psychological well-being, media richness theory, telephone calls, text messaging, social network sites, instant messaging, online games, self-presentation, media interaction, media use, entertainment use
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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