Retrospective Identification and Characterization of Traumatic Brain Injury—Recommendations from the 2024 National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Traumatic Brain Injury Classification and Nomenclature Initiative Retrospective Classification Working Group
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The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) convened experts in traumatic brain injury (TBI) research, policy, clinical practice and people with lived experience to propose a system of injury classification less susceptible to misinterpretation and misrepresentation inherent in the current use of “mild”, “moderate” and “severe”. One of six working groups addressed Retrospective Classification of TBI. The Working Group consisted of 14 experts in brain injury research representing a breadth of professional disciplines. Initial conclusions based on expert opinion were vetted and revised based on public input at the January 2024 NINDS TBI Classification and Nomenclature Workshop. The Working Group examined five types of methodologies for identifying past TBIs (self/proxy-report, medical record extraction, imaging, fluid-based biomarkers, and performance-based tests). They concluded that self/proxy-report is essential for clinical, research and surveillance applications and that clinicians and researchers should employ elicitation protocols that have been studied and found valid. Medical record extraction was also identified as an invaluable tool for identification of past history of medically attended TBIs; however, there is a need to standardize the case definition employed and procedures used. The use of imaging methods, fluid-based biomarkers, and performance-based assessments in isolation lacked sufficient evidence of both sensitivity and specificity in detecting past histories of TBI to be recommended for this use at this time. The Working Group also evaluated identification of repetitive head impacts (RHI), finding no evidence of a common definition of RHI, a requisite initial step for the development and validation of standardized instruments.
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The NINDS TBI Classification and Nomenclature Workshop yielded recommendations to expand TBI classification to include additional clinical assessments, neuroimaging, blood-based biomarkers and psychological and environmental modifiers.
“The workshop yielded recommendations to expand TBI classification to include additional clinical assessments, neuroimaging, blood-based biomarkers and psychological and environmental modifiers (Bazarian et al., 2025; Bragge et al., 2025; Corrigan et al., 2025; Mac Donald et al., 2025; Manley et al., 2025; Menon et al., 2025; Nelson et al., 2025).”
From Evaluating cognitive performance using the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognitive Battery in children with traumatic brain injury (2025) · cites this paper as Corrigan et al., 2025
The Introduction says the workshop produced classification recommendations, and the Discussion recommends recording clinical, biomarker, imaging, and relevant modifier information for acute TBI characterization. But this paper does not specify psychological and environmental modifiers, and it cautions that blood-based biomarkers cannot yet be used to detect or characterize past TBI. Its recommendations therefore support only part of the broader workshop claim. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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Associations Between Traumatic Brain Injury and Cognitive Decline Among Older Male Veterans
Chanti‐Ketterl, M., Pieper, C. F., Yaffe, K. S., & Plassman, B. L. (2023) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000207819 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Critical elements for human health risk assessment of less than lifetime exposures
Geraets, L., Nijkamp, M. M., & ter Burg, W. (2016) · Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.09.026 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Lifetime History of Traumatic Brain Injury and Current Disability Among Ohio Adults
Yi, H., Corrigan, J. D., Singichetti, B., Bogner, J. A., Manchester, K., Guo, J., & Yang, J. G. (2017) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0000000000000352 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationIs Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury Associated with Adult Alcohol Misuse?
Corrigan, J. D., Hagemeyer, A. N., Weil, Z. M., Sullivan, L., Shi, J., Bogner, J. A., & Yang, J. G. (2020) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2019.6897 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationDavies, J., Dinyarian, C., Wheeler, A. L., Dale, C., & Cleverley, K. (2022) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0000000000000780 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Castaño-León, A. M., Cicuéndez, M., Navarro-Main, B., Paredes, I., Munarriz, P. M., Cepeda, S., Hilario, A., Ramos, A., Gómez, P. A., & Lagares, A. (2019) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2018.5978 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Dennis, E. L., Newsome, M. R., Lindsey, H. M., Adamson, M. M., Austin, T. A., Disner, S. G., Eapen, B. C., Esopenko, C., Franz, C. E., Geuze, E., et al. (2022) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.26179 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationRefinement of a Preliminary Case Definition for Use in Traumatic Brain Injury Surveillance
Daugherty, J., Waltzman, D., Breiding, M. J., Peterson, A. B., Chen, J., Xu, L., Womack, L. S., DePadilla, L. M., Watson, K., & Corrigan, J. D. (2023) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0000000000000901 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationSchaffert, J., Chiang, H., Fatima, H., LoBue, C., Hart, J., & Cullum, C. M. (2023) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000892 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Rabinowitz, A. R., Chervoneva, I., Hart, T., O’Neil-Pirozzi, T. M., Bogner, J. A., Dams-O’Connor, K., Brown, A. W., & Johnson-Greene, D. E. (2020) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0000000000000556 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
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Daugherty, J., Waltzman, D., & Sarmiento, K. (2023) · Journal of Athletic Training · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-0454.22 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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Self-citationCurrent health status and history of traumatic brain injury among Ohio adults
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Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
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Trofimov, A. O., Koshcheev, I., Kivenko, A., Lubivaya, A., Trofimova, K. A., Kalentyev, G. V., Evsukova, A., Nemoto, E. M., & Евгеньевич, Б. Д. (2026) · The European Physical Journal Special Topics · doi:10.1140/epjs/s11734-026-02241-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Beyond word count: a pilot study of the verbal fluency task in chronic mild traumatic brain injury
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Diagnostics features of mild traumatic brain injury: modern approaches and prospects for improvement
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- Authors
- Corrigan, J. D., Alosco, M. L., van der Naalt, J., Adams, R. S., Asken, B. M., Hinds, S., Lequerica, A. H., Newcombe, V., Tenovuo, O., Valera, E., Yurgelun-Todd, D., Doperalski, A., Awwad, H. O., Dams-O’Connor, K., Maas, A. I. R., McCrea, M. A., Umoh, N., & Manley, G. T.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Boston University (US)
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
- University of Florida Health (US)
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (US)
- Kessler Foundation (US)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- University of Turku (FI)
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Utah (US)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (US)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- University of Antwerp (BE)
- Medical College of Wisconsin (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Corrigan, John D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Neurotrauma
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2025-07
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 13-14
- Pages
- 1086-1095
- ISSN
- 0897-7151 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-9042
- PMC
- PMC12409120
- OpenAlex
- W4410514155
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9
- FWCI
- 10.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neurotrauma (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS112694)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics
- Keywords
- traumatic brain injury, injury classification, mild traumatic brain injury, proxy reports, neuroimaging, performance-based tests, repetitive head impacts
- MeSH terms
- Brain Injuries, Traumatic, Humans, Terminology as Topic, Retrospective Studies, United States, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U.S.)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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