Signs of impaired cognitive function in adolescents with marginal cobalamin status

Louwman, Marieke WJ; van Dusseldorp, Marijke; van de Vijver, Fons JR; Thomas, Chris MG; Schneede, Jørn; Ueland, Per M; Refsum, Helga; van Staveren, Wija A

doi:10.1093/ajcn/72.3.762

Cited by 178Folate and B Vitamins ResearchNutritional Studies and DietPorphyrin Metabolism and Disorders

Signs of impaired cognitive function in adolescents with marginal cobalamin status

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Louwman, Marieke WJ, van Dusseldorp, Marijke, van de Vijver, Fons JR, Thomas, Chris MG, Schneede, Jørn, Ueland, Per M, Refsum, Helga, van Staveren, Wija A·2000·The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

DOI 10.1093/ajcn/72.3.762

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Abstract

Background Lack of cobalamin may lead to neurologic disorders, which have been reported in strict vegetarians.Objective The objective of this study was to investigate whether cognitive functioning is affected in adolescents (aged 10-16 y) with marginal cobalamin status as a result of being fed a macrobiotic diet up to an average age of 6 y.Design Data on dietary intake, psychological test performance, and biochemical variables of cobalamin status were collected from 48 adolescents who consumed macrobiotic (vegan type) diets up to the age of 6 y, subsequently followed by lactovegetarian or omnivorous diets, and from 24 subjects (aged 10-18 y) who were fed omnivorous diets from birth onward. Thirty-one subjects from the previously macrobiotic group were cobalamin deficient according to their plasma methylmalonic acid concentrations. Seventeen previously macrobiotic subjects and all control subjects had normal cobalamin status.Results The control subjects performed better on most psychological tests than did macrobiotic subjects with low or normal cobalamin status. A significant relation between test score and cobalamin deficiency (P: = 0.01) was observed for a test measuring fluid intelligence (correlation coefficient: -0.28; 95% CI: -0.48, -0.08). This effect became more pronounced (P: = 0.003) within the subgroup of macrobiotic subjects (correlation coefficient: -0.38; 95% CI: -0.62, - 0.14).Conclusion Our data suggest that cobalamin deficiency, in the absence of hematologic signs, may lead to impaired cognitive performance in adolescents.

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Lower biochemical vitamin B12 status in children and adolescents is associated with impaired school performance, mental and social development, and short-term memory and attention.
“Cross-sectional studies in older children or adolescents most often found that lower biochemical vitamin B12 status was associated with impaired school performance and mental and social development, as well as short-term memory and attention [164].”
From Vitamins and Minerals for Energy, Fatigue and Cognition: A Narrative Review of the Biochemical and Clinical Evidence (2020) · cites this paper as [168]
Results from a previous Dutch study in adolescents raised on a vegan diet showed associations between early vitamin B-12 status and later cognitive performance.
“Results from a previous Dutch study in adolescents raised on a vegan diet showed associations between early vitamin B-12 status and later cognitive performance (19,21).”
From Vitamin B-12 status in infancy is positively associated with development and cognitive functioning 5 y later in Nepalese children (2017) · cites this paper as [21]
This Dutch study has limited generalizability given the small sample size and specific characteristics of the population.
“This study has limited generalizability, however, given the small sample size and specific characteristics of the population.”
From Vitamin B-12 status in infancy is positively associated with development and cognitive functioning 5 y later in Nepalese children (2017) · cites this paper as [21]

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Authors: Louwman, M. W., van Dusseldorp, M., van de Vijver, F. J., Thomas, C. M., Schneede, J., Ueland, P. M., Refsum, H., & van Staveren, W. A.
Affiliations: Wageningen University & Research (NL)
ORCID: Louwman, Marieke WJ
Thomas, Chris MG
Ueland, Per M
Refsum, Helga
Venue: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2000-09
Volume: 72
Issue: 3
Pages: 762-769
ISSN: 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/72.3.762
OpenAlex: W2097021221
Cited by: 178
References: 35
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 4.61
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 8214 d)
Locations: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
TNO Repository (submittedVersion)
Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
Repository hosted by TU Delft Library (TU Delft) (submittedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Folate and B Vitamins Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Porphyrin Metabolism and Disorders
Keywords: vitamin B12 deficiency, cognitive function, fluid intelligence, macrobiotic diet, vegan diet, adolescents, methylmalonic acid
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Child, Cognition, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Psychological Tests, Psychomotor Performance, Reference Values, Vitamin B 12, Vitamin B 12 Deficiency, Cohort Studies, Diet, Macrobiotic

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Signs of impaired cognitive function in adolescents with marginal cobalamin status

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