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Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with health consequences
Open accessAbstract
Vitamin D deficiency is now recognized as a pandemic. The major cause of vitamin D deficiency is the lack of appreciation that sun exposure in moderation is the major source of vitamin D for most humans. Very few foods naturally contain vitamin D, and foods that are fortified with vitamin D are often inadequate to satisfy either a child's or an adult's vitamin D requirement. Vitamin D deficiency causes rickets in children and will precipitate and exacerbate osteopenia, osteoporosis, and fractures in adults. Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with increased risk of common cancers, autoimmune diseases, hypertension, and infectious diseases. A circulating level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D of >75 nmol/L, or 30 ng/mL, is required to maximize vitamin D's beneficial effects for health. In the absence of adequate sun exposure, at least 800-1000 IU vitamin D3/d may be needed to achieve this in children and adults. Vitamin D2 may be equally effective for maintaining circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D when given in physiologic concentrations.
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“Healthy serum 25(OH)D levels are considered ≥50 nmol/L [288]”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [288]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Holick, M. F., & Chen, T. C.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Holick, Michael F
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-04
- Volume
- 87
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1080S-1086S
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2163507707
- Cited by
- 2,689
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 55 · 2025: 95 · 2024: 119 · 2023: 144 · 2022: 177 · 2021: 189 · 2020: 186 · 2019: 197 · 2018: 177 · 2017: 205 · 2016: 181 · 2015: 182 · 2014: 143 · 2013: 149 · 2012: 129
- FWCI
- 84.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Keywords
- vitamin D deficiency, sun exposure, vitamin D fortification, rickets, osteoporosis, osteopenia, fracture, cancer risk, autoimmune disease, hypertension, infectious diseases, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, vitamin D3, vitamin D2, vitamin D intake
- MeSH terms
- Autoimmune Diseases, Bone and Bones, Cardiovascular Diseases, Food, Fortified, Humans, Neoplasms, Nutritional Requirements, Rickets, Sunlight, Vitamin D, Vitamin D Deficiency, Global Health, Bone Density, Bone Density Conservation Agents
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