The effects of whole-grain compared with refined wheat, rice, and rye on the postprandial blood glucose response: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Open accessAbstract
Background Whole grains are often referred to collectively, despite differences in their composition, physical structure, processing, and potential health benefits.Objective The aim of this study was to compare the postprandial blood glucose response of whole-grain with refined wheat, rice, or rye, while controlling for the food delivery matrix and the processing of the grain (e.g., grinding, germination).Design Eleven electronic databases were systematically searched to identify studies published up to and including November 2017. Randomized controlled trials comparing the effects of whole-grain wheat, rice, or rye with those of each grain's refined counterpart on postprandial blood glucose area under the curve (AUC) were included. Pooled effect sizes were computed by using the difference in the blood glucose AUC after the consumption of the whole compared with the refined grain.Results Twenty publications were included, with 10, 14, and 5 strata (or active-control comparisons) on whole-grain wheat, rice, and rye, respectively. The consumption of ground (wholemeal) wheat, compared with white wheat, was not associated with a significant reduction in blood glucose AUC (-6.7 mmol/L ⋅ min; 95% CI: -25.1, 11.7 mmol/L ⋅ min; P = 0.477). The consumption of wholemeal rye, compared with endosperm rye, was not associated with a significant reduction in blood glucose AUC (-5.5 mmol/L ⋅ min; 95% CI: -24.8, 13.8 mmol/L ⋅ min; P = 0.576). The consumption of intact (whole-grain) rice, compared with white rice, was associated with a significant reduction in blood glucose AUC (-40.5 mmol/L ⋅ min; 95% CI: -59.6, -21.3 mmol/L ⋅ min; P < 0.001).Conclusions Compared with white rice, whole-grain rice significantly attenuates the postprandial blood glucose response. In most of the studies on wheat and rye, the postprandial blood glucose responses to foods formulated with wholemeal compared with refined flours were compared. Whether reductions in the blood glucose AUC can be achieved with whole-grain (as opposed to wholemeal) wheat and rye requires further investigation.
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Whole grains decrease inflammatory biomarkers and influence postprandial glucose metabolism, which could affect insulin sensitivity.
“whole grains decrease inflammatory biomarkers [48] and influence the postprandial glucose metabolism [49,50,51], which could affect insulin sensitivity.”
From The Effect of Anxiety and Nutritional Habits on the Body Distortion of Athletes. (2025) · cites this paper as [50]
Carbohydrate-rich foods that may be more effective in ameliorating postprandial hyperglycemia and IR include legumes/pulses, whole grains, and pasta.
“Carbohydrate-rich foods that may be more effective in ameliorating postprandial hyperglycemia and IR include legumes/pulses [85,86,87], whole grains [88,89,90,91], and pasta [92].”
From Effects of diet, lifestyle, Chrononutrition and alternative dietary interventions on postprandial Glycemia and insulin resistance (2022) · cites this paper as [88]
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- Authors
- Musa-Veloso, K., Poon, T., Harkness, L. S., O'Shea, M., & Chu, Y.
- Affiliations
- Intertek (Canada) (CA)
- Church & Dwight (United States) (US)
- Pepsi (United States) (US)
- ORCID
- Chu, YiFang
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-10
- Volume
- 108
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 759-774
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2897187607
- Cited by
- 94
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7
- FWCI
- 0.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- PepsiCo
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Seed and Plant Biochemistry
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Natural Antidiabetic Agents Studies
- Keywords
- whole grains, refined grains, postprandial blood glucose, whole grain rice, white rice, white wheat, grain processing, glycemic response, dietary fiber, food matrix effects, germination, grinding
- MeSH terms
- Whole Grains, Adult, Aged, Blood Glucose, Bread, Dietary Fiber, Female, Flour, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Oryza, Secale, Triticum, Postprandial Period, Young Adult
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