On the reciprocal association between loneliness and subjective well-being
Open accessAbstract
Loneliness has been shown to longitudinally predict subjective well-being. The authors used data from a longitudinal population-based study (2002-2006) of non-Hispanic white, African-American, and nonblack Latino-American persons born between 1935 and 1952 and living in Cook County, Illinois. They applied marginal structural models for time-varying exposures to examine the magnitude and persistence of the effects of loneliness on subjective well-being and of subjective well-being on loneliness. Their results indicate that, if interventions on loneliness were made 1 and 2 years prior to assessing final subjective well-being, then only the intervention 1 year prior would have an effect (standardized effect = -0.29). In contrast, increases in subjective well-being 1 year prior (standardized effect = -0.26) and 2 years prior (standardized effect = -0.13) to assessing final loneliness would both have an effect on an individual's final loneliness. These effects persist even after control is made for depressive symptoms, social support, and psychiatric conditions and medications as time-varying confounders. Results from this study indicate an asymmetrical and persistent feedback of fairly substantial magnitude between loneliness and subjective well-being. Mechanisms responsible for the asymmetry are discussed. Developing interventions for loneliness and subjective well-being could have substantial psychological and health benefits.
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A similar reciprocal effect has been found between loneliness and subjective well-being in old age.
“A similar effect has been found between loneliness and subjective well-being in old age (VanderWeele et al. 2012).”
From Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review (2017) · cites this paper as VanderWeele et al. 2012
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- Authors
- VanderWeele, T. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- VanderWeele, T. J.
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-10-16
- Volume
- 176
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 777-784
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- PMC
- PMC3571255
- OpenAlex
- W2099729134
- Cited by
- 187
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 7.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (Z99 RG999999)
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG018911, R37AG033590, R01AG034052, AG033590)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES017876)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024999)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R03HD060696)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Health and Well-being Studies
- Keywords
- loneliness, subjective well-being, bidirectional relationship, feedback effects, longitudinal prediction, marginal structural models, time-varying confounding, depressive symptoms, social support, psychiatric conditions, loneliness interventions, older adults, African Americans, Hispanic Americans
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Black or African American, Depression, Female, Health Status, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Illinois, Loneliness, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Personal Satisfaction, Social Support, Socioeconomic Factors, White People, Racial Groups
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