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Pooled Results From 5 Validation Studies of Dietary Self-Report Instruments Using Recovery Biomarkers for Energy and Protein Intake
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We pooled data from 5 large validation studies of dietary self-report instruments that used recovery biomarkers as references to clarify the measurement properties of food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) and 24-hour recalls. The studies were conducted in widely differing US adult populations from 1999 to 2009. We report on total energy, protein, and protein density intakes. Results were similar across sexes, but there was heterogeneity across studies. Using a FFQ, the average correlation coefficients for reported versus true intakes for energy, protein, and protein density were 0.21, 0.29, and 0.41, respectively. Using a single 24-hour recall, the coefficients were 0.26, 0.40, and 0.36, respectively, for the same nutrients and rose to 0.31, 0.49, and 0.46 when three 24-hour recalls were averaged. The average rate of under-reporting of energy intake was 28% with a FFQ and 15% with a single 24-hour recall, but the percentages were lower for protein. Personal characteristics related to under-reporting were body mass index, educational level, and age. Calibration equations for true intake that included personal characteristics provided improved prediction. This project establishes that FFQs have stronger correlations with truth for protein density than for absolute protein intake, that the use of multiple 24-hour recalls substantially increases the correlations when compared with a single 24-hour recall, and that body mass index strongly predicts under-reporting of energy and protein intakes.
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“Results from a pooled analysis of five large validation studies showed that under-reporting of EI with a single 24 h recall was approximately 15 %( 109 ).”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [109]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Freedman, L. S., Commins, J. M., Moler, J. E., Arab, L., Baer, D. J., Kipnis, V., Midthune, D., Moshfegh, A. J., Neuhouser, M. L., Prentice, R. L., Schatzkin, A., Spiegelman, D., Subar, A. F., Tinker, L. F., & Willett, W.
- Affiliations
- Sheba Medical Center (IL)
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2014-06-10
- Volume
- 180
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 172-188
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- PMC
- PMC4082341
- OpenAlex
- W2128117277
- Cited by
- 528
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 57 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 6.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (HHSN268201100004C, HHSN268201100001C, HHSN268201100002C, HHSN268201100003C)
- National Institute on Aging (HHSN-271-2011-00004C,)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HHSN2682011-00001I, HHSN2682011-00002I, HHSN2682011‐00004I, HHSN268201100046C, HHSN2682011-00003I)
- National Cancer Institute (P01CA053996, R01CA119171, P30CA015704)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Keywords
- food frequency questionnaire, 24-hour dietary recall, energy intake, protein intake, protein density, underreporting, body mass index, calibration equations, measurement validity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Calibration, Energy Intake, Diet, Dietary Proteins, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nitrogen, Surveys and Questionnaires, Mental Recall, Biomarkers, Diet Records, Validation Studies as Topic, Self Report
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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