The DOI matches its Crossref record; 63 of the 64 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 1 are not checked yet.
A Systematic Review for Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Cognitive Reserve Across the Cognitive Aging Spectrum
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Cognitive reserve has been proposed to explain the discrepancy between clinical symptoms and the effects of aging or Alzheimer's pathology. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) may help elucidate how neural reserve and compensation delay cognitive decline and identify brain regions associated with cognitive reserve. This systematic review evaluated neural correlates of cognitive reserve via fMRI (resting-state and task-related) studies across the cognitive aging spectrum (i.e., normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease). METHOD: This review examined published articles up to March 2017. There were 13 cross-sectional observational studies that met the inclusion criteria, including relevance to cognitive reserve, subjects 60 years or older with normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment, and/or Alzheimer's disease, at least one quantitative measure of cognitive reserve, and fMRI as the imaging modality. Quality assessment of included studies was conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale adapted for cross-sectional studies. RESULTS: Across the cognitive aging spectrum, medial temporal regions and an anterior or posterior cingulate cortex-seeded default mode network were associated with neural reserve. Frontal regions and the dorsal attentional network were related to neural compensation. Compared to neural reserve, neural compensation was more common in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. CONCLUSIONS: Neural reserve and compensation both support cognitive reserve, with compensation more common in later stages of the cognitive aging spectrum. Longitudinal and intervention studies are needed to investigate changes between neural reserve and compensation during the transition between clinical stages, and to explore the causal relationship between cognitive reserve and potential neural substrates.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The development of expertise is associated with the presence of richer and more differentiated conceptual representations, which can attenuate age-related decline in the domain of expertise.54,65–67”
From Maintenance, reserve and compensation: the cognitive neuroscience of healthy ageing (2018) · cites this paper as [66]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & for the PRISMA Group (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2535 · Cited by 83,823
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement.
(2009) · PubMed Central · Cited by 44,859
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005 · Cited by 19,575
The Brain's Default Network: Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease
Buckner, R. L., Andrews‐Hanna, J. R., & Schacter, D. L. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1440.011 · Cited by 9,761
What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept
STERN, Y. (2002) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617702813248 · Cited by 3,951
Stern, Y. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004 · Cited by 2,943
Herzog, R., Álvarez-Pasquin, M. J., Díaz, C., Del Barrio, J. L., Estrada, J. M., & Gil, Á. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-154 · Cited by 1,652
Neuropathology of older persons without cognitive impairment from two community-based studies
Bennett, D. A., Schneider, J. A., Arvanitakis, Z., Kelly, J. F., Aggarwal, N. T., Shah, R. C., & Wilson, R. S. (2006) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000219668.47116.e6 · Cited by 1,336
Efficiency, capacity, compensation, maintenance, plasticity: emerging concepts in cognitive reserve
Barulli, D., & Stern, Y. (2013) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2013.08.012 · Cited by 1,006
Meng, X., & D’Arcy, C. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038268 · Cited by 964
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Maintenance, reserve and compensation: the cognitive neuroscience of healthy ageing
Cabeza, R., Albert, M., Belleville, S., Craik, F. I. M., Duarte, A., Grady, C. L., Lindenberger, U., Nyberg, L., Park, D. C., Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., et al. (2018) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-018-0068-2 · Cited by 1,298
Defining Cognitive Reserve and Implications for Cognitive Aging
Pettigrew, C. A., & Soldan, A. (2019) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-019-0917-z · Cited by 484
Prediction of brain age and cognitive age: quantifying brain and cognitive maintenance in aging
Anatürk, M., Kaufmann, T., Cole, J. H., Suri, S., Griffanti, L., Zsoldos, E., Filippini, N., Singh‐Manoux, A., Kivimäki, M., Westlye, L. T., et al. (2021) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25316 · Cited by 132
“Moreover, premorbid IQ was related to CAG independent of BAG, in line with established literature highlighting IQ as a potential proxy for cognitive reserve (Anthony & Lin, 2018).”
BackgroundCognitive resilience/reserve: Myth or reality? A review of definitions and measurement methods
Pappalettera, C., Carrarini, C., Miraglia, F., Vecchio, F., & Rossini, P. M. (2024) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13744 · Cited by 99
Sarraf, S., Sarraf, A., DeSouza, D. D., Anderson, J. A. E., Kabia, M., & The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimagin, A. D. N. I. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13020260 · Cited by 85
“Among various biomarkers examinations such as blood and clinical tests, neuroimaging has remained the primary approach enabling medical practitioners for early prediction of Alzheimer’s disease [11]–[14].”
BackgroundCognitive reserve and brain maintenance in aging and dementia: An integrative review
Pereira, G. Á., Nunes, M. V. S., Alzola, P., & Contador, I. (2021) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2021.1872079 · Cited by 91
“Functional studies (fMRI) to support compensatory mechanisms of CR In the last few decades, scientific studies have tried to capture the “neural implementation” of CR through functional neuroimaging (Anthony & Lin, 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialMeaning in life: resilience beyond reserve
Bartrés‐Faz, D., Cattaneo, G., Sánchez, J. S., Tormos, J. M., & Pascual‐Leone, Á. (2018) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-018-0381-z · Cited by 90
“Some functional neuroimaging data suggest overlapping engagements of particular brain systems and areas for MiL and CR, such as the default-mode network and the anterior cingulate cortex, as well as the dorso and ventrolateral prefrontal regions (reviewed in [3, 13, 66]).”
BackgroundBrain Entropy Mapping in Healthy Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease
Wang, Z., & Initiative, A. D. N. (2020) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.596122 · Cited by 78
“…5 November 2020 | Volume 12 | Article 596122 highlighted resting BEN in DMN, MTL, and PFC, which have been implicated in different neuroimaging-based aging and AD studies (Ries et al., 2008; Ouchi and Kikuchi, 2012; Weiner et al., 2013; Wang, 2016; Badhwar et al., 2017; Anthony and Lin, 2018).”
BackgroundDepression and episodic memory across the adult lifespan: A meta-analytic review.
James, T., Weiss-Cowie, S., Hopton, Z. W., Verhaeghen, P., Dotson, V. M., & Duarte, A. (2021) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000344 · Cited by 96
“Education is often used as a proxy for cognitive reserve (Anthony & Lin, 2018; Stern, 2002; Yochim&Woodhead, 2018).”
Maternal depression and inflammation during pregnancy
Lahti‐Pulkkinen, M., Girchenko, P. V., Robinson, R., Lehto, S. M., Toffol, E., Heinonen, K., Reynolds, R. M., Kajantie, E., Laivuori, H. M., Villa, P., et al. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719001909 · Cited by 69
“Online Supplementary Table ST2 provides further details of the NOS assessment and criteria for cross-sectional (Herzog et al., 2013; Anthony and Lin, 2018) and online Supplementary Table ST3 for cohort studies (Wells et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCho, J., Sohn, J., Noh, J., Jang, H., Kim, W., Cho, S.-K., Seo, H., Seo, G., Lee, S., Noh, Y., et al. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140097 · Cited by 68
Hallam, B., Chan, J., Costafreda, S. G., Bhome, R., & Huntley, J. D. (2020) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.06.011 · Cited by 65
Resting-state EEG reveals four subphenotypes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Dukic, S., McMackin, R., Costello, E., Metzger, M., Buxó, T., Fasano, A., Chipika, R. H., Pinto‐Grau, M., Schuster, C., Hammond, M., et al. (2021) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awab322 · Cited by 63
Duffner, L. A., Deckers, K., Cadar, D., Steptoe, A., de Vugt, M. E., & Köhler, S. (2022) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s204579602100069x · Cited by 63
“However, changes in functional brain connectivity, especially in medial temporal and frontal regions, have been suggested (Anthony and Lin, 2018).”
The effects of aging on auditory cortical function
Recanzone, G. H. (2018) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/j.heares.2018.05.013 · Cited by 50
Domínguez-Antuña, E., Diz, J. C., Suárez-Iglesias, D., & Pérez, C. A. (2022) · International Urogynecology Journal · doi:10.1007/s00192-022-05244-z · Cited by 58
“Moreover, the quality of the included studies was evaluated as good, fair or poor based on thresholds described previously [17], using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale adapted for cross-sectional studies [18].”
MethodHow Do Cognitively Stimulating Activities Affect Cognition and the Brain Throughout Life?
Mather, M. (2020) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100620941808 · Cited by 36
“Over the years since it was proposed, the concept of cognitive reserve has generated a lot of interest as well as debate (Anthony & Lin, 2017; Cabeza et al., 2018; Jones et al., 2011; Medaglia, Pasqualetti, Hamilton, Thompson-Schill, & Bassett, 2017; Satz, Cole, Hardy, & Rassovsky, 2011; Stern…”
Microglia and modifiable life factors: Potential contributions to cognitive resilience in aging
Duggan, M. R., & Parikh, V. (2021) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113207 · Cited by 38
Varela‐López, B., Cruz-Gómez, Á. J., Lojo‐Seoane, C., Dı́az, F., Pereiro, A. X., Zurrón, M., Lindı́n, M., & Galdo‐Álvarez, S. (2022) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.05.012 · Cited by 35
Serra, L., Gelfo, F., Petrosini, L., Domenico, C. D., Bozzali, M., & Caltagirone, C. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-180609 · Cited by 32
“likely observed in the early stages [71].”
Kim, N. H., Park, U., Yang, D. W., Choi, S. H., Youn, Y. C., & Kang, S. W. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-36713-0 · Cited by 33
Conti, L., Riccitelli, G. C., Preziosa, P., Vizzino, C., Marchesi, O., Rocca, M. A., & Filippi, M. (2021) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-020-10331-6 · Cited by 33
“A recent review [13] of fMRI studies and CR highlighted that young adults with higher CR exhibited stronger network deactivation during the performance of several active tasks, suggesting an optimization of network activity.”
BackgroundSoch, J., Richter, A., Schütze, H., Kizilirmak, J. M., Assmann, A., Behnisch, G., Feldhoff, H., Fischer, L., Heil, J., Knopf, L., et al. (2021) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25559 · Cited by 28
“Several fMRI studies point to widespread systems-level activation differences in association with preserved (i.e., little or no differences in comparison to young adults) cognitive and memory performance in particular (Anthony & Lin, 2017; Colangeli et al., 2016; Vidal-Piñeiro et al., 2018).”
BackgroundCognitive fatigue and cortical-striatal network in old age
Ren, P., Anderson, A. J., McDermott, K., Baran, T. M., & Lin, F. V. (2019) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.101915 · Cited by 27
Self-citationMacPherson, S. E., Allerhand, M., Gharooni, S., Smirni, D., Shallice, T., Chan, E., & Lisa Cipolotti, A. (2020) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617720000326 · Cited by 22
“…and inferior frontal gyri, as well as frontal lobe-associated networks (e.g., left anterior intraparietal sulcus; Bastin et al., 2012), have been associated with CR (for a review see Anthony & Lin, 2017), and damage to these specific regions may prevent compensation from CR after brain injury.”
BackgroundA neural mechanism of cognitive reserve: The case of bilingualism
Stevens, W. D., Khan, N., Anderson, J. A. E., Grady, C. L., & Bialystok, E. (2023) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120365 · Cited by 27
“Previous work has also investigated differences in RSFC associated with various other CR factors across the lifespan (Anthony and Lin, 2018; Benson et al., 2018; Chan et al., 2018; Franzmeier et al., 2017a – c; Pietzuch et al., 2019; Stern et al., 2021; Weiler et al., 2018).”
BackgroundErsoezlue, E., Rauchmann, B., Schneider-Axmann, T., Wagner, M., Ballarini, T., Tatò, M., Utecht, J., Kurz, C., Papazov, B., Guersel, S., et al. (2022) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.05.015 · Cited by 22
“A recent systematic review indicated that FC of medial temporal regions and DMN -mainly in the anterior and posterior cingulate cortex-are associated with neural reserve (Anthony and Lin, 2018).”
Tau Accumulation and Network Breakdown in Alzheimer’s Disease
Watanabe, H., Bagarinao, E., Yokoi, T., Yamaguchi, H., Ishigaki, S., Michihito, M., Katsuno, M., & Sobue, G. (2019) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9358-8_19 · Cited by 20
Electroencephalography, Magnetoencephalography, and Cognitive Reserve: A Systematic Review
Balart-Sánchez, S. A., Bittencourt-Villalpando, M., van der Naalt, J., & Maurits, N. M. (2020) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acaa132 · Cited by 18
“…anterior or posterior cingulate cortex-seeded default mode network were associated with neural reserve, in which certain brain regions or networks are resistant to the effect of neurodegeneration or AD pathology, which is considered a neural implementation supporting CR by Anthony and Lin (2018).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCortical Networks Underpinning Compensation of Verbal Fluency in Normal Aging
Gonzalez‐Burgos, L., Pereira, J. B., Mohanty, R., Barroso, J., Westman, E., & Ferreira, D. (2021) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhab052 · Cited by 19
“2020) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Anthony and Lin 2018),”
BackgroundInfluentialBilingual experience and intrinsic functional connectivity in adults, aging, and Alzheimer's disease
Jafari, Z., Perani, D., Kolb, B. E., & Mohajerani, M. H. (2021) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.14666 · Cited by 18
Long-term cognitive trajectory and activities of daily living in healthy aging
Bezdíček, O., Červenková, M., Georgi, H. S., Schmand, B. A., Hladká, A., Rulseh, A. M., & Kopeček, M. (2020) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2020.1745895 · Cited by 20
Robinson, R., Lähdepuro, A., Tuovinen, S., Girchenko, P. V., Rantalainen, V. J., Heinonen, K., Lahti, J. M. T., Räikkönen, K., & Lahti‐Pulkkinen, M. (2021) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-021-01141-w · Cited by 18
Cognitive reserve protects language functions in patients with brain tumours
Campanella, F., Arcara, G., Crescentini, C., Fabbro, F., & Škrap, M. (2021) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107769 · Cited by 17
Mulumba, J., Duan, R., Luo, B., Wu, J., Sulaiman, M., Wang, F., & Yang, Y. (2025) · Exploration of neuroscience · doi:10.37349/en.2025.100675 · Cited by 23
Richter, A., Soch, J., Kizilirmak, J. M., Fischer, L., Schütze, H., Assmann, A., Behnisch, G., Feldhoff, H., Knopf, L., Raschick, M., et al. (2023) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.26281 · Cited by 15
“Even healthy older adults commonly exhibit a certain degree of cognitive decline and brain structural alterations (Anthony & Lin, 2018; Cabeza et al., 2018; X. Li et al., 2020).”
BackgroundDevos, H., Gustafson, K. M., Liao, K., Ahmadnezhad, P., Kuhlmann, E., Estes, B. J., Martin, L. E., Mahnken, J. D., Brooks, W. M., & Burns, J. M. (2023) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-220890 · Cited by 16
“Previous studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) corroborate the protective mechanisms of cognitive reserve across the spectrum of cognitive aging [41].”
Measures of cognitive reserve: An umbrella review
Pinto, J. O., Peixoto, B., Dores, A. R., & Barbosa, F. (2023) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2023.2200978 · Cited by 17
s-CRIq: the online short version of the Cognitive Reserve Index Questionnaire
Mondini, S., Pucci, V., Pastore, M., Gaggi, O., Tricomi, P. P., & Nucci, M. (2023) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-023-02561-1 · Cited by 16
“So far, CRIq has been translated into a number of languages, as reported in Supplementary Materials 3.”
InfluentialMcMackin, R., Dukic, S., Costello, E., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/abd829 · Cited by 16
More flexible brain activation underlies cognitive reserve in older adults
Ducharme‐Laliberté, G., Mellah, S., Boller, B., & Belleville, S. (2022) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.02.001 · Cited by 15
“Thus, greater neural flexibility can allow older adults with a higher reserve to adapt their patterns of brain activation to cope with exceeding demand, whether this is due to increasing age or task-demand (Anthony and Lin, 2017; Boller et al., 2017; Steffener and Stern, 2012).”
Cognitive Aging: How the Brain Ages?
Zhao, S., Li, Y., Shi, Y., & Li, X. (2023) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-1627-6_2 · Cited by 17
Rivera-Marrero, S., Fernández-Maza, L., Chaviano, S. L., Sablón-Carrazana, M., Bencomo-Martínez, A., Perera‐Pintado, A., Capote, A. P., Zoppolo, F., Kreimerman, I., Pardo, T., et al. (2019) · Current Radiopharmaceuticals · doi:10.2174/1874471012666190102165053 · Cited by 15
Hérent, P., Jégou, S., Wainrib, G., & Clozel, T. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/413302 · Cited by 16
“…such as medial temporal regions and anterior or posterior cingulate cortex were associated with neural reserve, and neural compensation (ie alternative cognitive strategy when a cognitive dysfunction occurs) in frontal regions and dorsal attention network (for a review, see (Anthony et Lin 2017)).”
BackgroundLiang, C., Subramaniam, P., Goh, N. S. M. R., Tay, K. W., & Moustafa, A. A. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11212822 · Cited by 17
“In addition, future research can also look into identifying the neural networks that relate digital device usage to cognitive reserve [51].”
BackgroundLin, Y., Initiative, A. D. N., Zeng, Q., Hu, M., Peng, G., & Luo, B. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-201244 · Cited by 14
“Previous studies have shown associations between multiple brain regions with CR during cognitive tasks, such as the posterior cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, fusiform gyrus, superior and middle temporal gyrus, hippocampal, frontal lobe, and central anterior gyrus [6].”
Lin, F. V., Heffner, K. L., Gevirtz, R., Zhang, Z., Tadin, D., & Porsteinsson, A. P. (2021) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-021-05530-z · Cited by 16
“Vascular-wise, aging-related decline in endothelial function leads to changes in baroreflexes [69]; neurologically, aging-related decline is implicated in the decreased neural efficiency of central autonomic networks [70].”
BackgroundSelf-citationMauti, M., Monachesi, B., Taccari, G., & Rumiati, R. (2024) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2024.106238 · Cited by 10
Quinzi, F., Berchicci, M., Bianco, V., Filippo, G. D., Perri, R. L., & Russo, F. D. (2020) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.06.002 · Cited by 11
Quantitative MRI Evidence for Cognitive Reserve in Healthy Elders and Prodromal Alzheimer’s Disease
Fingerhut, H., Gozdas, E., & Hosseini, S. M. H. (2022) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-220197 · Cited by 14
Merenstein, J. L., Zhao, J., Overson, D. K., Truong, T., Johnson, K. G., Song, A. W., & Madden, D. J. (2024) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhad525 · Cited by 11
An Effect of Education on Memory-Encoding Activation in Subjective Cognitive Decline
Mizuno, A. N., Karim, H. T., Ly, M. J., Cohen, A. D., Lopresti, B. J., Mathis, C. A., Klunk, W. E., Aizenstein, H. J., & Snitz, B. E. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-201087 · Cited by 11
“Alongwithpre-frontalregions,asystematicreviewsuggestedthat thedorsalattentionnetwork(i.e.,frontaleyefield, intraparietal sulcus) may underlie cognitive reserve through compensatory activity in older adults and may be associated with AD pathology [19].”
Impact of cognitive reserve on dance intervention-induced changes in brain plasticity
Mitterová, K., Klobušiaková, P., Minsterová, A. Š., Kropáčová, S., Balážová, Z., Točík, J., Vaculíková, P., Skotáková, A., Grmela, R., & Rektorová, I. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-97323-2 · Cited by 14
Neuroimaging of the Aging Brain
Cohen, R. A., Porges, E. C., & Gullett, J. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108554350.004 · Cited by 11
Kang, J. M., Kim, N., Yun, S. K., Seo, H., Bae, J. N., Kim, W., Na, K., Cho, S., Ryu, S., Noh, Y., et al. (2024) · Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1111/psyg.13161 · Cited by 12
“6,7 It also explains the model of neuroplasticity through cognitive intervention.”
Buss, S. S., Fried, P. J., Macone, J., Zeng, V., Zingg, E., Santarnecchi, E., Pascual‐Leone, Á., & Bartrés‐Faz, D. (2023) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1193407 · Cited by 10
“Task-based fMRI studies have implicated increased activity within the frontal lobes, temporal lobes, and default mode network as important brain regions supporting neural compensation and CR in older adults (Colangeli et al., 2016; Anthony and Lin, 2018).”
BackgroundMunthali, G. N. C., Wu, X., Rizwan, M. A., et al. (2021) · Risk Management and Healthcare Policy · doi:10.2147/rmhp.s311551 · Cited by 10
Can Speaking More Than One Language Help Prevent Alzheimer’s Disease?
Mendez, M. F. (2023) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-230285 · Cited by 33
Single-value brain activity scores reflect both severity and risk across the Alzheimer’s continuum
Soch, J., Richter, A., Kizilirmak, J. M., Schütze, H., Ziegler, G., Altenstein, S., Brosseron, F., Dechent, P., Fließbach, K., Freiesleben, S. D., et al. (2024) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awae149 · Cited by 8
Zuo, X., Zhuang, J., Chen, N., Cousins, S. W., Cunha, P., Lad, E. M., Madden, D. J., Potter, G. G., & Whitson, H. E. (2020) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.07.020 · Cited by 9
“On the other hand, a systemic review by Anthony and Lin had suggested that both DMN and medial temporal regions are related to cognitive reserve, but they found few studies that focused on network connectivity as a compensation for cognitive deficits(Anthony and Lin, 2018).”
BackgroundYu, Y., Ouyang, G., Li, J., & Cao, D. (2025) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.06.022 · Cited by 12
Eisenstein, T., Yogev‐Seligmann, G., Ash, E. L., Giladi, N., Sharon, H., Shapira‐Lichter, I., Nachman, S., Hendler, T., & Lerner, Y. (2020) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.23290 · Cited by 8
“This is further supported by a meta-analysis by (Anthony & Lin, 2018) demonstrating increased frontal recruitment in healthy older adults and patients with MCI with higher CR. Steffener and Stern (Steffener & Stern, 2012) proposed the concept of neural capacity or the ability to recruit a…”
ResultBuján, A., Sampaio, A., & Pinal, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.854928 · Cited by 8
“…stronger FC of anterior cingulate cortex with default mode network (DMN) regions, greater local efficiency, and clustering in cuneus and occipital regions) but also with decreased activity (i.e., lower metabolism in DMN and dorsal attention network regions) (see Anthony and Lin, 2018 for a review).”
BackgroundResultThe knowledge domain of cognitive neuroscience of aging: A Scientometric and bibliometric analysis
Jiang, J., Fan, L., & Liu, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2023.999594 · Cited by 8
“, 2017), neural correlates of cognitive reserve via fMRI (Anthony and Lin, 2018), and the development history of CA (Drag and Bieliauskas, 2010; Anderson and Craik, 2017).”
BackgroundEdge time series components of functional connectivity and cognitive function in Alzheimer’s disease
Chumin, E. J., Cutts, S. A., Risacher, S. L., Apostolova, L. G., Farlow, M. R., McDonald, B. C., Wu, Y., Betzel, R. F., Saykin, A. J., & Sporns, O. (2023) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-023-00822-1 · Cited by 9
“This is consistent with functional interactions of attentional systems and cognitive function, resource recruitment, and reserve (Anthony & Lin, 2018; Bastin et al., 2012; Gordon et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2015).”
Thüss, N. S., Bittencourt-Villalpando, M., Balart-Sánchez, S. A., Spikman, J. M., Maurits, N. M., & van der Naalt, J. (2024) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2024.0220 · Cited by 7
Investigating dynamic brain functional redundancy as a mechanism of cognitive reserve
Schwarz, J., Zistler, F., Usheva, A., Fix, A., Zinn, S., Zimmermann, J., Knolle, F., Schneider, G. H., & Nuttall, R. (2025) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2025.1535657 · Cited by 8
Zhou, L., Yang, W., Liu, Y., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1355546 · Cited by 7
Health Behavior Change to Mitigate Dementia Risk: An Updated Review
Sanborn, V. E., Davis, J. D., & Korthauer, L. E. (2024) · Current Geriatrics Reports · doi:10.1007/s13670-024-00421-y · Cited by 6
“…processes directly, cognitive activity throughout the lifetime may boost cognitive reserve (i.e., the brain’s ability to compensate for injury) through increased connections between neurons and/or higher level of functioning in brain systems less impacted by neurodegenerative diseases [48].”
Ferré, P., Jarret, J., Brambati, S., Bellec, P., & Joanette, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.535770 · Cited by 6
“So far, age-related changes in FC have mainly been explored using a resting-state condition (e.g., looking at a fixation cross; Dennis and Thompson, 2014; Anthony and Lin, 2018).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPereira, G. Á., Maruta, C., & Nunes, M. V. S. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.104646 · Cited by 6
Hu, Z., Deng, Y., & Li, B. (2022) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.31083/j.jin2106170 · Cited by 6
“Neural compensation was suggested to be common in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease [43].”
BackgroundThe contribution of the left precuneus to emotion memory in migraine without aura patients
Li, M., Li, X., Zhu, W., Zhu, J., Wang, H., Gao, Z., Wu, X., Zhou, S., Wang, K., & Yu, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.905942 · Cited by 4
“However, neural reserve and compensation support the cognitive reserve (Anthony and Lin, 2018).”
BackgroundNieto‐Vieites, A., Mallo, S. C., Pérez‐Blanco, L., Felpete, A., Lojo‐Seoane, C., Facal-Mayo, D., Juncos‐Rabadán, O., & Pereiro, A. X. (2023) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2023.2220042 · Cited by 4
“Thus, CR has been associated with a delay in the onset and progression of cognitive impairment (Anthony and Lin 2018; Bherer 2015; Nelson et al. 2021).”
BackgroundCooley, S. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119057840.ch34 · Cited by 5
Frau, L., Jonaitis, E. M., Langhough, R. E., Zuelsdorff, M. L., Okonkwo, O. C., & Bruno, D. (2024) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2024.2388904 · Cited by 4
“…in cognitive performance can be linked to the efficient and flexible recruitment of brain networks (neural reserve) or alternate (compensation), mostly involving prefrontal cortex processes (Anthony & Lin, 2018; Cabeza et al., 2004; Franzmeier et al., 2017) and associated EF (Tucker & Stern, 2011).”
Costello, N., Knight, S. P., Symonds, J. E., & Santos, F. H. (2025) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2025.2515183 · Cited by 3
“The connection between various life experiences (e.g. education, work, and social or leisure activities) and cognitive reserve has received increasing attention, with several reviews providing empirical support (Anthony & Lin, 2018; Kelly et al., 2014, 2017).”
Electrophysiological Proxy of Cognitive Reserve Index
Khachatryan, E., Wittevrongel, B., Perovnik, M., Tournoy, J., Schoenmakers, B., & Hulle, M. M. V. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.690856 · Cited by 3
“For these cases, functional neuroimaging techniques, such as functional MRI (fMRI), are being adopted to unveil the brain networks that are involved in the execution of a task (Anthony and Lin, 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialNeyland, B. R., Lockhart, S. N., Lyday, R. G., Baker, L. D., Handing, E. P., Miller, M. E., Kritchevsky, S. B., Laurienti, P. J., & Hugenschmidt, C. E. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.05.20.492850 · Cited by 3
“In the context of cognitive reserve and resilience, regional analyses suggest that intrinsic connectivity of the default-mode network (DMN) during rest may play a role in the development of cognitive reserve and resilience with aging [15, 16].”
BackgroundAn Overview of Cognitive Reserve in Aging Based on Keyword Network Analysis
Kim, J., & Kim, M. S. (2022) · INQUIRY The Journal of Health Care Organization Provision and Financing · doi:10.1177/00469580221139374 · Cited by 2
Siciliano, L., Olivito, G., Urbini, N., Silveri, M. C., & Leggio, M. G. (2023) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-023-11855-3 · Cited by 2
“1 3 to neurodegenerative processes [2, 5].”
BackgroundInfluentialLuo, J., Wang, L., Wei, B., et al. (2025) · BMC Anesthesiology · doi:10.1186/s12871-025-03187-8 · Cited by 2
“Three of the four n-RCTs [8, 14, 16, 19] achieved a score of 8 stars on the NOS, where a study with seven or more stars was considered of high quality [30, 31].”
Flórez, J. F. M., Sandoval, L. M. B., Santander, Ó. A. E., & Zuluaga, C. A. M. (2025) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbaf131 · Cited by 3
Zhao, K., Xie, H., Fonzo, G. A., Carlisle, N. B., Jacobs, T., Osorio, R. S., Church, A., Lin, F. V., Zhang, Y., & the ADNI Study Group (2026) · Science Advances · doi:10.1101/2025.07.20.665707 · Cited by 2
Self-citationLee, P.-L., Chung, C.-P., Chou, K.-H., Lee, W.-J., Lin, C.-P., Liang, C.-K., & Chen, L.-K. (2025) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121668 · Cited by 1
Ricci, V., Martinotti, G., & Maina, G. (2026) · The European Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ejpsy.2025.100332 · Cited by 1
RetractedUšacka, A., Skrule, M., Šneidere, K., Freibergs, Z., Kaupužs, A., & Stepens, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1795165 · Cited by 1
Education and neurocognitive aging - is there a relation?
Nyberg, L. H., & Lövdén, M. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818630-5.14062-x · Cited by 1
Kim, J., & Chung, M.-J. (2020) · Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society · doi:10.5762/kais.2020.21.9.358
“각 개인에게 나타나는 인지 예비능의 차이 는 IQ처럼 선천적인 부분도 있지만 일생에 걸친 교육이 나 직업, 여가활동 등 평생에 걸친 다양한 인지적 활동의 경험들이 인지 예비능을 높일 수 있다고 알려져 있다 [5,6].”
Ontology-Based Bibliometric Analysis of PubMed Publications Related to Cognitive Reserves
Bakaev, M., & Разумникова, О. М. (2020) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-65218-0_36
Cohen, R. A., & Gullett, J. M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22009-9_674
Cohen, R. A., & Gullett, J. M. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69892-2_674-1
Hatta, T., Kimura, T., Hatta, T., & Iwahara, A. (2022) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5406/19398298.135.2.02 · Cited by 1
Crescentini, C., & Feruglio, S. (2023) · Contemporary clinical neuroscience · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-24930-3_7
Single-value fMRI scores reflect both stage and risk across the Alzheimer’s disease continuumPreprint
Soch, J., Richter, A., Kizilirmak, J. M., Schütze, H., Ziegler, G., Altenstein, S., Brosseron, F., Dechent, P., Fließbach, K., Freiesleben, S. D., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.10.11.23296891
“Participants were asked to provide a recognition-confidence rating for each image, using a five-point Likert scale ranging from “sure new” (1) over “don’t know” (3) to “sure old” (5).”
MethodEncoding and decoding multimodal brain images for disease biomarker discovery
Chan, Y. H. (2023) · DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) · doi:10.32657/10356/173338
Öztürk, G., Harı, E., Yıldırım, K., Bayram, A., Yıldırım, Z., Demıralp, T., & Gurvit, H. I. (2025) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2025.109082
Salvador, L. D. S., Giatti, L., de Souza, L. C., Suemoto, C. K., Bertola, L., Brunoni, A. R., Barreto, S. M., & Caramelli, P. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5237809
Wei, W., Wei, S., Han, W., Wang, K., Zhang, H., Engström, G., Emami, A., & Li, Z. (2025) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-025-01918-w · Cited by 1
“…review of fMRI studies examining cognitive reserve mechanisms in MCI and AD reported sample sizes ranging from 11 to 25 participants (not including studies that used large neuroimaging databases) [28], and Ansado et al. [29] included 16 older adults in their fMRI study of neural compensation.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Anthony, M., & Lin, F.
- Affiliations
- University of Rochester Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lin, Feng
- Venue
- Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2017-12-13
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 937-948
- ISSN
- 0887-6177 (ISSN-L)
- 1873-5843
- PMC
- PMC6246379
- OpenAlex
- W2772804633
- Cited by
- 109
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 1.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (NR015452, AG053193)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- cognitive reserve, neural reserve, neural compensation, cognitive aging, mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, default mode network, cingulate cortex, dorsal attention network, frontal cortex, medial temporal lobe, brain regions, cognitive decline
- MeSH terms
- Cognitive Aging, Alzheimer Disease, Cognition Disorders, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Functional Neuroimaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
