The DOI matches its Crossref record; 63 of the 64 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 1 are not checked yet.
A Systematic Review for Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Cognitive Reserve Across the Cognitive Aging Spectrum
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Cognitive reserve has been proposed to explain the discrepancy between clinical symptoms and the effects of aging or Alzheimer's pathology. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) may help elucidate how neural reserve and compensation delay cognitive decline and identify brain regions associated with cognitive reserve. This systematic review evaluated neural correlates of cognitive reserve via fMRI (resting-state and task-related) studies across the cognitive aging spectrum (i.e., normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease). METHOD: This review examined published articles up to March 2017. There were 13 cross-sectional observational studies that met the inclusion criteria, including relevance to cognitive reserve, subjects 60 years or older with normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment, and/or Alzheimer's disease, at least one quantitative measure of cognitive reserve, and fMRI as the imaging modality. Quality assessment of included studies was conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale adapted for cross-sectional studies. RESULTS: Across the cognitive aging spectrum, medial temporal regions and an anterior or posterior cingulate cortex-seeded default mode network were associated with neural reserve. Frontal regions and the dorsal attentional network were related to neural compensation. Compared to neural reserve, neural compensation was more common in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. CONCLUSIONS: Neural reserve and compensation both support cognitive reserve, with compensation more common in later stages of the cognitive aging spectrum. Longitudinal and intervention studies are needed to investigate changes between neural reserve and compensation during the transition between clinical stages, and to explore the causal relationship between cognitive reserve and potential neural substrates.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The development of expertise is associated with the presence of richer and more differentiated conceptual representations, which can attenuate age-related decline in the domain of expertise.54,65–67”
From Maintenance, reserve and compensation: the cognitive neuroscience of healthy ageing (2018) · cites this paper as [66]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & for the PRISMA Group (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2535 · Cited by 83,823
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement.
(2009) · PubMed Central · Cited by 44,859
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005 · Cited by 19,575
The Brain's Default Network: Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease
Buckner, R. L., Andrews‐Hanna, J. R., & Schacter, D. L. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1440.011 · Cited by 9,761
What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept
STERN, Y. (2002) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617702813248 · Cited by 3,951
Stern, Y. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004 · Cited by 2,943
Herzog, R., Álvarez-Pasquin, M. J., Díaz, C., Del Barrio, J. L., Estrada, J. M., & Gil, Á. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-154 · Cited by 1,652
Neuropathology of older persons without cognitive impairment from two community-based studies
Bennett, D. A., Schneider, J. A., Arvanitakis, Z., Kelly, J. F., Aggarwal, N. T., Shah, R. C., & Wilson, R. S. (2006) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000219668.47116.e6 · Cited by 1,336
Efficiency, capacity, compensation, maintenance, plasticity: emerging concepts in cognitive reserve
Barulli, D., & Stern, Y. (2013) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2013.08.012 · Cited by 1,006
Meng, X., & D’Arcy, C. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038268 · Cited by 964
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–109 of 109
The impact of lifestyle restrictions on memory in older adults
McMaster, J. M. V., Gellersen, H. M., Korkki, S. M., & Simons, J. S. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0342458
“It has previously been proposed that cognitive reserve is related to effective strategy use [71,72] and has often been linked to frontal regions in older adults [73].”
Brain networks modulating the relationship between white matter volume and cognition
Katayama, O., Yamaguchi, R., Yamagiwa, D., Akaida, S., Shimoda, T., Nakajima, C., Kawakami, A., Kodama, T., & SHIMADA, H. (2026) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1002/trc2.70234
“5 Recent research has increasingly focused on the role of brain networks in aging and CR. 6,7 Resting-state brain networks have garnered increasing attention as indicators of brain health in older adults.”
The effects of bilingualism on executive functions and cognitive reserve in young adults
Manica, I., da Silva, S. P., Nunes, M. V. S., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Bilingualism · doi:10.1177/13670069261427148
Crocetta, A., Manuello, J., Liloia, D., Duca, S., Costa, T., & Cauda, F. (2026) · Psychoradiology · doi:10.1093/psyrad/kkag016
“However, while tb-fMRI has been widely used in CR research (Anthony and Lin, 2018 ; Stern et al. , 2021 ; Vockert et al. , 2022 ; Boyle et al. , 2023 ), its ability to capture the influence of CR on brain organization remains debated (Boyle et al. , 2023 ; Mauti et al. , 2024 ).”
Shi, Y., Zhao, H., Wang, D., et al. (2026) · Journal of intelligent medicine. · doi:10.1002/jim4.70036
“…between visual, language, and frontoparietal control networks likely facilitated integrative processing and compensatory recruitment, 56–60 as illustrated in Figure 4a. Conversely, reduced connectivity between the default mode and language networks, as well as between visual and…”
Prasana, R., Salzman, T., & Fraser, S. (2026) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2026.116368
The effects of physical exercise on brain reserves and cognitive longevity
Grigoryeva, V. N., & Mashkovich, K. A. (2026) · Neurology Bulletin · doi:10.17816/nb683106 · Cited by 1
Su, T.-S., Su, K., Hsueh, P. R., Lai, Z.-L., Chen, C., Lai, Y.-C., Chen, C.-S., Nian, X., Chang, Y.-W., & Tsai, S.-T. (2026) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2026.1830299
“A synthesis of 13 studies involving individuals aged over 60 years, including both cognitively healthy participants and those with MCI, demonstrates distinct functional activation patterns associated with cognitive reserve and compensatory mechanisms (Anthony and Lin, 2018).”
InfluentialSidhu, G., Guan, D. X., Ghahremani, M., Smith, E. E., & Ismail, Z. (2026) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/08919887261491948
Metadata
- Authors
- Anthony, M., & Lin, F.
- Affiliations
- University of Rochester Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lin, Feng
- Venue
- Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2017-12-13
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 937-948
- ISSN
- 0887-6177 (ISSN-L)
- 1873-5843
- PMC
- PMC6246379
- OpenAlex
- W2772804633
- Cited by
- 109
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 1.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (NR015452, AG053193)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- cognitive reserve, neural reserve, neural compensation, cognitive aging, mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, default mode network, cingulate cortex, dorsal attention network, frontal cortex, medial temporal lobe, brain regions, cognitive decline
- MeSH terms
- Cognitive Aging, Alzheimer Disease, Cognition Disorders, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Functional Neuroimaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
