reComBat: batch-effect removal in large-scale multi-source gene-expression data integration
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Abstract
Motivation: With the steadily increasing abundance of omics data produced all over the world under vastly different experimental conditions residing in public databases, a crucial step in many data-driven bioinformatics applications is that of data integration. The challenge of batch-effect removal for entire databases lies in the large number of batches and biological variation, which can result in design matrix singularity. This problem can currently not be solved satisfactorily by any common batch-correction algorithm. Results: We present reComBat, a regularized version of the empirical Bayes method to overcome this limitation and benchmark it against popular approaches for the harmonization of public gene-expression data (both microarray and bulkRNAsq) of the human opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Batch-effects are successfully mitigated while biologically meaningful gene-expression variation is retained. reComBat fills the gap in batch-correction approaches applicable to large-scale, public omics databases and opens up new avenues for data-driven analysis of complex biological processes beyond the scope of a single study. Availability and implementation: The code is available at https://github.com/BorgwardtLab/reComBat, all data and evaluation code can be found at https://github.com/BorgwardtLab/batchCorrectionPublicData. Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics Advances online.
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- Authors
- Adamer, M. F., Brüningk, S. C., Tejada-Arranz, A., Estermann, F., Basler, M., & Borgwardt, K.
- Affiliations
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (CH)
- University of Basel (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Adamer, Michael F
- ORCID
- Venue
- Bioinformatics Advances
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2022-01-01
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- vbac071-vbac071
- ISSN
- 2635-0041 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9710604
- OpenAlex
- W4297986620
- Cited by
- 27
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 3
- FWCI
- 2.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Bioinformatics Advances (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- edoc (University of Basel) (acceptedVersion)
- Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- ETH Zürich Research Collection
- Funders
- Swiss National Science Foundation (51NF40_180541)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gene expression and cancer classification
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bioinformatics and Genomic Networks
- Keywords
- batch effect correction, multi-source data fusion, gene expression data, empirical Bayes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, microarray data, bulk RNA-seq
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