Gambling in Children and Adolescents
Open accessAbstract
Introduction: Children are susceptible to problems with gambling because of developmental and cognitive immaturities, as well as a sensitivity to peer pressure and marketing. Sources of data: This review uses recent UK data from the Gambling Commission and from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, and evidence from recent reviews of gambling in children and adolescents. Areas of agreement: The prevalence of gambling in children worldwide and in the UK is stable, having generally decreased since 2013. Online gambling is increasing in children and young people. A small minority of adolescents who gamble develop a gambling disorder. Adolescents who have problems with gambling tend to have lower self-esteem and a history of hyperactivity and impulsivity, are more likely to have parents who gamble, report less parental supervision and to use more alcohol than their peers. Areas of controversy: Children’s access to slot machines, the relationship between gaming and gambling, and social media advertizing of gambling targeting children. Growing points: An increase in online gambling and in-play sports betting by adolescents and the use of skins betting in video gaming. Areas timely for developing research: impact on young people of betting on e-gaming. How best to protect children from early exposure to gambling in the current internet age. Implications for clinicians: Need to be aware of the growing and complex phenomenon of gaming and gambling, and implications for the mental health of children and adolescents. The effective management of gambling disorders in children and adolescents requires close working with families.
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The prevalence of adolescent gambling has increased in recent years.
“In fact, the prevalence of adolescent gambling has increased in recent years.”
From The Use of Social Media in Children and Adolescents: Scoping Review on the Potential Risks. (2022) · cites this paper as [68]
The section “Recent evidence of frequency of gambling by children in the UK” reports that weekly gambling among under-16s was stable at 11% in 2019, down from 23% in 2012. Although the paper describes increases associated with the wider availability of legal gambling, its evidence on recent overall prevalence runs contrary to the claim; it identifies online gambling as the activity that increased. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredChildren and adolescents are at greater risk of developing gambling problems.
“One report showed greater risk for children and adolescents to develop gambling problems.”
From The Use of Social Media in Children and Adolescents: Scoping Review on the Potential Risks. (2022) · cites this paper as [68]
The section ‘Why are children susceptible to gambling?’ says children are at risk of gambling problems because of developmental and cognitive immaturities and social influences. It does not establish the comparative ‘greater risk’ asserted in the citing sentence or identify a group against which that risk is greater. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThere is a strong relationship between gaming and gambling; in video games, children pretend to gamble and some video games ask real money to play.
“Lastly, there is also a strong relationship between gaming and gambling: in video games, children pretend to gamble and some video games would ask real money to play [68].”
From The Use of Social Media in Children and Adolescents: Scoping Review on the Potential Risks. (2022) · cites this paper as [68]
The section “Relationship between gaming and gambling in children” describes gambling-like loot boxes, skin gambling, and players spending real money to open loot boxes. It does not say children merely pretend to gamble or that video games require payment to play. The “Further research needed” section also cautions against inferring that loot boxes cause problem gambling. Page numbers were not available in our copy’s passages. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAcross Europe, self-reported rates of adolescent gambling in 2019 ranged from 36% in Italy to 78% in Iceland.
“Across Europe, self-reported rates of adolescent gambling in 2019 ranged from 36% in Italy to 78% in Iceland.”
From The Use of Social Media in Children and Adolescents: Scoping Review on the Potential Risks. (2022) · cites this paper as [68]
The “Frequency of gambling in children worldwide” section gives the 36%–78% range for Italy and Iceland, but describes it as self-reported gambling “in the past year,” not gambling measured in 2019. The “Sources of data” section mentions reports published in 2019 but does not establish that the Europe-wide figures are from that year. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAdolescent problem gambling prevalence ranges from 1.6 to 5.6%.
“Adolescent problem gambling prevalence ranges from 1.6 to 5.6%.”
From The Use of Social Media in Children and Adolescents: Scoping Review on the Potential Risks. (2022) · cites this paper as [68]
The 'Problem gambling in children and adolescents' section gives the 1.6–5.6% range specifically for lifetime worldwide adolescent problem gambling prevalence. The claim omits 'lifetime' and 'worldwide'; the same passage gives different ranges for current prevalence in North America and Europe. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
In recent years, there has been an expansion in sports betting online, heavily promoted by advertising and marketing attractive to adolescents.
“In recent years, there has been an expansion in sports betting online, and this has been heavily promoted by advertising and marketing attractive to adolescents.”
From The Use of Social Media in Children and Adolescents: Scoping Review on the Potential Risks. (2022) · cites this paper as [68]
Gambling is promoted to children via social media through sharing and re-tweeting messages from gambling companies, active conversations, and consuming and sharing visual gambling adverts.
“Gambling is also promoted to children via social media: children are sharing and re-tweeting messages from gambling companies, they are active in conversations around gambling, and regularly consume and share visual gambling adverts.”
From The Use of Social Media in Children and Adolescents: Scoping Review on the Potential Risks. (2022) · cites this paper as [68]
Children are widely exposed to gambling advertisements on television and via social media.
“Not only adolescents but also children are widely exposed to gambling advertisements on television and via social media.”
From The Use of Social Media in Children and Adolescents: Scoping Review on the Potential Risks. (2022) · cites this paper as [68]
Social media use is correlated with risk of gambling.
“Ten reports found correlations between social media use and risk of different types of addictions: with internet [17,24,49,51,52,66], with substance abuse [15,67], with alcohol addiction and gaming [67], with gambling [68], and with tobacco use [69].”
From The Use of Social Media in Children and Adolescents: Scoping Review on the Potential Risks. (2022) · cites this paper as [68]
The 'Advertizing and promotion of gambling to children' section says children encounter and share gambling advertising on social media. The 'Further research needed' section calls for studies of its impact. Neither reports a correlation between social media use and gambling risk; searches for that association found none in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Use of Social Media in Children and Adolescents: Scoping Review on the Potential Risks.
Bozzola, E., Spina, G., Agostiniani, R., Barni, S., Russo, R., Scarpato, E., Di Mauro, A., Di Stefano, A. V., Caruso, C., Corsello, G., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19169960 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
“[68] Review Gambling and gaming addiction are emerging problems in children and adolescents.”
BackgroundMontiel, I., Ortega-Barón, J., Basterra-González, A., González-Cabrera, J., & Machimbarrena, J. M. (2021) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2021.00055 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
- Authors
- Emond, A. M., & Griffiths, M. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Nottingham Trent University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Emond, Alan M
- Venue
- British Medical Bulletin
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2020-09-15
- Volume
- 136
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 21-29
- ISSN
- 0007-1420 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-8391
- OpenAlex
- W1965075460
- Cited by
- 73
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 0.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- British Medical Bulletin (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (publishedVersion)
- Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository) (acceptedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (217065/Z/19/Z)
- Medical Research Council (MC_PC_15018, MC_PC_19009)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- youth gambling, online gambling, gambling addiction, parental gambling, parental supervision, peer pressure, gambling marketing, social media advertising, slot machines, video gaming, impulsivity, self-esteem, child mental health
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Gambling, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Sports, Prevalence
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