Cited by 1,291Face Recognition and PerceptionMemory and Neural MechanismsNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 76 of the 76 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

A neuromodulatory role for the human amygdala in processing emotional facial expressions

Open access

Morris, J.·1998·Brain

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Localized amygdalar lesions in humans produce deficits in the recognition of fearful facial expressions. We used functional neuroimaging to test two hypotheses: (i) that the amygdala and some of its functionally connected structures mediate specific neural responses to fearful expressions; (ii) that the early visual processing of emotional faces can be influenced by amygdalar activity. Normal subjects were scanned using PET while they performed a gender discrimination task involving static grey-scale images of faces expressing varying degrees of fear or happiness. In support of the first hypothesis, enhanced activity in the left amygdala, left pulvinar, left anterior insula and bilateral anterior cingulate gyri was observed during the processing of fearful faces. Evidence consistent with the second hypothesis was obtained by a demonstration that amygdalar responses predict expression-specific neural activity in extrastriate cortex.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/brain/121.1.47

Cites

76 of 76 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The expression of the emotions in man and animals.
Darwin, C. D. (1872) · J. Murray eBooks · doi:10.1037/10001-000 · Cited by 12,120
Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain
Talairach, J., & Tournoux, P. (1988) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,798
Statistical parametric maps in functional imaging: A general linear approach
Friston, K. J., Holmes, A. P., Worsley, K. J., Poline, J. ‐., Frith, C. D., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1994) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.460020402 · Cited by 9,688
Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain
Laitinen, L. (1989) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/0303-8467(89)90128-5 · Cited by 7,565
Pictures of Facial Affect
Ekman, P. (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,345
Spatial registration and normalization of images
Friston, K. J., Ashburner, J., Frith, C., Poline, J.-B., Heather, J. D., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1995) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.460030303 · Cited by 3,744
Contributions of anterior cingulate cortex to behaviour
Devinsky, O., Morrell, M. J., & Vogt, B. A. (1995) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/118.1.279 · Cited by 3,377
Psychophysiological and Modulatory Interactions in Neuroimaging
Friston, K. J., Buechel, C., Fink, G. R., Morris, J., Rolls, E., & Dolan, R. J. (1997) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1997.0291 · Cited by 3,097
Self-citation
Impaired recognition of emotion in facial expressions following bilateral damage to the human amygdala
Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/372669a0 · Cited by 2,360
A differential neural response in the human amygdala to fearful and happy facial expressions
Morris, J. S., Frith, C. D., Perrett, D. I., Rowland, D., Young, A. W., Calder, A. J., & Dolan, R. J. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/383812a0 · Cited by 2,013
Self-citation
Cholinergic innervation of cortex by the basal forebrain: Cytochemistry and cortical connections of the septal area, diagonal band nuclei, nucleus basalis (Substantia innominata), and hypothalamus in the rhesus monkey
Mesulam, M. ‐., Mufson, E. J., Levey, A. I., & Wainer, B. H. (1983) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902140206 · Cited by 1,962
Circuitry and functional aspects of the insular lobe in primates including humans
AUGUSTINE, J. (1996) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(96)00011-2 · Cited by 1,776
Response and Habituation of the Human Amygdala during Visual Processing of Facial Expression
Breiter, H. C., Etcoff, N. L., Whalen, P. J., Kennedy, W. A., Rauch, S. L., Buckner, R. L., Strauss, M. M., Hyman, S. E., & Rosen, B. R. (1996) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80219-6 · Cited by 1,711
Preliminary analysis of functions of the temporal lobes in monkeys
KLÜVER, H. (1939) · Archives of Neurology And Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1939.02270240017001 · Cited by 1,696
The amygdala: Neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory, and mental dysfunction.
Aggleton, J. P. (1992) · Wiley-Liss eBooks · Cited by 1,536
Anatomical evidence of direct projections from the nucleus of the solitary tract to the hypothalamus, amygdala, and other forebrain structures in the rat
Ricardo, J. A., & Koh, E. T. (1978) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(78)91125-3 · Cited by 1,362
The amygdala: Neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory and mental dysfunction
Scheel-Krüger, J. (1993) · Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy · doi:10.1016/0891-0618(93)90037-5 · Cited by 1,281
The lateral amygdaloid nucleus: sensory interface of the amygdala in fear conditioning
LeDoux, J., Cicchetti, P., Xagoraris, A., & Romanski, L. (1990) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.10-04-01062.1990 · Cited by 1,167
Amygdalo‐cortical projections in the monkey ( Macaca fascicularis )
Amaral, D. G., & Price, J. L. (1984) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902300402 · Cited by 1,162
Fear and the human amygdala
Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. (1995) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.15-09-05879.1995 · Cited by 1,138
A Symptom Provocation Study of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Using Positron Emission Tomography and Script-Driven Imagery
Rauch, S. L. (1996) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830050014003 · Cited by 1,056
Amygdala activity at encoding correlated with long-term, free recall of emotional information.
Cahill, L. F., Haier, R. J., Fallon, J., Alkire, M. T., Tang, C. Y., Keator, D., Wu, J. C., & McGaugh, J. L. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.15.8016 · Cited by 928
Willed action and the prefrontal cortex in man: a study with PET
Frith, C., Friston, K. J., Liddle, P. F., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1991) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1991.0077 · Cited by 919
A neurobiological model of visual attention and invariant pattern recognition based on dynamic routing of information
Olshausen, B., Anderson, C., & Van Essen, D. (1993) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.13-11-04700.1993 · Cited by 908
Behavioral changes associated with ablation of the amygdaloid complex in monkeys.
Weiskrantz, L. (1956) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0088009 · Cited by 837
Cortical Systems for the Recognition of Emotion in Facial Expressions
Adolphs, R., Damasio, H., Tranel, D., & Damasio, A. R. (1996) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.16-23-07678.1996 · Cited by 726
Facial Emotion Recognition after Bilateral Amygdala Damage: Differentially Severe Impairment of Fear
Calder, A. J. (1996) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/026432996381890 · Cited by 712
An autoradiographic study of the projections of the central nucleus of the monkey amygdala
Price, J. L., & Amaral, D. (1981) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.01-11-01242.1981 · Cited by 709
Untitled work
(1992) · Cited by 626
Functional magnetic resonance imaging of symptom provocation in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Breiter, H. C. (1996) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830070041008 · Cited by 626
Cortical and subcortical afferents to the amygdala of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)
Aggleton, J. P., Burton, M. J., & Passingham, R. E. (1980) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(80)90279-6 · Cited by 610
MENTAL PHENOMENA EVOKED BY ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF THE HUMAN HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION AND AMYGDALA
Halgren, E., WALTER, R. D., Cherlow, D. G., & Crandall, P. H. (1978) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/101.1.83 · Cited by 573
Subcortical projections from the temporal neocortex in Macaca mulatta
Whitlock, D., & Nauta, W. J. H. (1956) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901060107 · Cited by 503
Positron emission tomographic analysis of cerebral structures activated specifically by repetitive noxious heat stimuli
Casey, K. L., Minoshima, S., Berger, K. L., Koeppe, R. A., Morrow, T., & Frey, K. A. (1994) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1994.71.2.802 · Cited by 496
Network analysis of cortical visual pathways mapped with PET
McIntosh, A. R., Grady, C., Ungerleider, L. G., Haxby, J., Rapoport, S. I., & Horwitz, B. (1994) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.14-02-00655.1994 · Cited by 493
The pulvinar and visual salience
Robinson, D. L., & Petersen, S. E. (1992) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(92)90354-b · Cited by 469
Contributions of the pulvinar to visual spatial attention.
Petersen, S., Robinson, D., & Morris, J. (1987) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(87)90046-7 · Cited by 401
Self-citation
Neurons in the amygdala of the monkey with responses selective for faces.
Leonard, C. M., Rolls, E. T., Wilson, F. A., & Baylis, G. C. (1985) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0166-4328(85)90062-2 · Cited by 396
The amygdalostriatal projections in the monkey. An anterograde tracing study
Russchen, F. T., Bakst, I., Amaral, D. G., & Price, J. L. (1985) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(85)90530-x · Cited by 395
Modulating effects of posttraining epinephrine on memory: Involvement of the amygdala noradrenergic system
Liang, K., Juler, R. G., & McGaugh, J. L. (1986) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(86)91049-8 · Cited by 385
Pulvinar nuclei of the behaving rhesus monkey: visual responses and their modulation.
Petersen, S. E., Robinson, D., & Keys, W. (1985) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1985.54.4.867 · Cited by 372
Efferent pathway of the amygdala involved in conditioned fear as measured with the fear-potentiated startle paradigm.
Hitchcock, J. M., & Davis, M. (1991) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.105.6.826 · Cited by 345
Efferent pathway of the amygdala involved in conditioned fear as measured with the fear-potentiated startle paradigm.
Hitchcock, J. M., & Davis, M. (1991) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.105.6.826 · Cited by 342
Neurons in the cortex of the temporal lobe and in the amygdala of the monkey with responses selective for faces.
Rolls, E. T. (1984) · PubMed · Cited by 334
Single neuron responses in amygdala of alert monkey during complex sensory stimulation with affective significance
Nishijo, H., Ono, T., & Nishino, H. (1988) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.08-10-03570.1988 · Cited by 333
Cerebral responses to pain in patients with atypical facial pain measured by positron emission tomography.
Derbyshire, S. W. G., Jones, A. K. P., Devani, P., Friston, K. J., Feinmann, C., Harris, M., Pearce, S. A., Watson, J. D. G., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1994) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.57.10.1166 · Cited by 318
Afferent connections to the amygdaloid complex of the rat and cat. I. Projections from the thalamus
Ottersen, O. P., & Ben‐Ari, Y. (1979) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901870209 · Cited by 303
The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals.
Darwin, C. D. (1873) · The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland · doi:10.2307/2841467 · Cited by 303
A Positron Emission Tomographic Study of Simple Phobic Symptom Provocation
Rauch, S. L. (1995) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950130020003 · Cited by 298
Face perception after brain injury
Young, A. W., Newcombe, F., de Haan, E. H. F., Small, M., & Hay, D. C. (1993) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/116.4.941 · Cited by 281
The afferent connections of the substantia innominata in the monkey,Macaca fascicularis
Russchen, F. T., Amaral, D., & Price, J. L. (1985) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902420102 · Cited by 270
Value-dependent selection in the brain: Simulation in a synthetic neural model
Friston, K. J., Tononi, G., Reeke, G. N., Sporns, O., & Edelman, G. M. (1994) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(94)90592-4 · Cited by 268
Recognition and discrimination of emotional faces and pictures
DeKosky, S. T., Heilman, K. M., Bowers, D., & Valenstein, E. (1980) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/0093-934x(80)90141-8 · Cited by 268
Human amygdala activation detected with echo-planar functional magnetic resonance imaging
Irwin, W., Davidson, R. J., Lowe, M. J., Mock, B. J., Sorenson, J. A., & Turski, P. A. (1996) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199607290-00014 · Cited by 258
PET study of voluntary saccadic eye movements in humans: basal ganglia-thalamocortical system and cingulate cortex involvement
Petit, L., Orssaud, C., Tzourio‐Mazoyer, N., Salamon, G., Mazoyer, B. M., & Berthoz, A. (1993) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1993.69.4.1009 · Cited by 243
Brain regions involved in recognizing facial emotion or identity: an oxygen-15 PET study
George, M. S., Ketter, T. A., Gill, D. S., Haxby, J. V., Ungerleider, L. G., Herscovitch, P., & Post, R. M. (1993) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.5.4.384 · Cited by 224
The insular lobe in primates including humans
Augustine, J. R. (1985) · Neurological Research · doi:10.1080/01616412.1985.11739692 · Cited by 223
Functional Anatomy of a Prelearned Sequence of Horizontal Saccades in Humans
Petit, L., Orssaud, C., Tzourio‐Mazoyer, N., Crivello, F., Berthoz, A., & Mazoyer, B. M. (1996) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.16-11-03714.1996 · Cited by 215
The physiology of coloured hearing A PET activation study of colour-word synaesthesia
Paulesu, E., Harrison, J., Baron‐Cohen, S., Watson, J. D. G., Goldstein, L. H., Heather, J. D., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Frith, C. (1995) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/118.3.661 · Cited by 215
Processing of faces by patients with unilateral hemisphere lesions
Bowers, D., Bauer, R. M., Coslett, H. B., & Heilman, K. M. (1985) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/0278-2626(85)90020-x · Cited by 214
Amygdalofugal and amygdalopetal connections with modality‐specific visual cortical areas in macaques (macaca fuscata, M. mulatta, and M. fascicularis)
Iwai, E., & Yukie, M. (1987) · The Journal of comparative neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902610304 · Cited by 205
Anterior Paralimbic Mediation of Procaine-Induced Emotional and Psychosensory Experiences
Ketter, T. A. (1996) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830010061009 · Cited by 200
A projection from the medial pulvinar to the amygdala in primates
Jones, E. G., & Burton, H. (1976) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(76)90654-5 · Cited by 181
Neurophysiology and functions of the primate amygdala.
Rolls, E. T. (1992) · Cited by 167
Neural responses to salient visual stimuli
Morris, J. S., Friston, K. J., & Dolan, R. J. (1997) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1997.0109 · Cited by 164
Self-citation
The locus and cytoarchitecture of the projection areas of the olfactory bulb in Macaca mulatta
Turner, B. H., Gupta, K. C., & Mishkin, M. (1978) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901770303 · Cited by 160
In search of an emotional system in the brain: Leaping from fear to emotion and consciousness.
LeDoux, J. E. (1995) · Cited by 159
Effects of Emotional Discrimination Tasks on Cerebral Blood Flow: Regional Activation and Its Relation to Performance
Gur, R. C., Skolnick, B. E., & Gur, R. E. (1994) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1006/brcg.1994.1036 · Cited by 142
Post-training administration of GABAergic antagonists enhances retention of aversively motivated tasks
Brioni, J. D., & McGaugh, J. L. (1988) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02180032 · Cited by 140
Segregated processing of facial identity and emotion in the human brain: A pet study
Sergent, J., Ohta, S., Macdonald, B., & Zuck, E. (1994) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506289408402305 · Cited by 116
The functional effects of amygdala lesions in humans: A comparison with findings from monkeys.
Aggleton, J. P. (1992) · Cited by 108
Lesions of the stria terminalis attenuate the enhancing effect of post-training epinephrine on retention of an inhibitory avoidance response
Liang, K. (1983) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0166-4328(83)90013-x · Cited by 84
Reversible inactivation of the insular cortex by tetrodotoxin produces retrograde and anterograde amnesia for inhibitory avoidance and spatial learning.
Bermúdez‐Rattoni, F., Introini-Collison, I. B., & McGaugh, J. L. (1991) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.88.12.5379 · Cited by 84
Left hemisphere representations of emotional facial expressions
Stone, V. E., Nisenson, L., Eliassen, J. C., & Gazzaniga, M. S. (1996) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(95)00060-7 · Cited by 58
Anomia for facial expressions: Evidence for a category specific visual-verbal disconnection syndrome
Rapcsak, S. Z., Kaszniak, A. W., & Rubens, A. B. (1989) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(89)90183-8 · Cited by 50
The physiology of coloured hearing. A PET activation study of colour-word synaesthesia
Paulesu, E., Harrison, J., Baron‐Cohen, S., et al. (1995) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/118.4.1073 · Cited by 10

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Imaging Cognition II: An Empirical Review of 275 PET and fMRI Studies
Cabeza, R., & Nyberg, L. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/08989290051137585 · Cited by 3,598
Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: A meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI
Phan, K. L., Wager, T., Taylor, S. F., & Liberzon, I. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1087 · Cited by 3,502
The Adolescent Brain
Casey, B. J., Jones, R. M., & Hare, T. A. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1440.010 · Cited by 3,345
Contributions of the Amygdala to Emotion Processing: From Animal Models to Human Behavior
Phelps, E. A., & LeDoux, J. E. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.09.025 · Cited by 3,203
A model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation
Thayer, J. F., & Lane, R. D. (2000) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(00)00338-4 · Cited by 3,092

See all 1,291

Authors: Morris, J.
Affiliations: University College London (GB)
Corresponding author: Morris, J.
Venue: Brain
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 1998-01-01
Volume: 121
Issue: 1
Pages: 47-57
ISSN: 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
1460-2156
DOI: 10.1093/brain/121.1.47
OpenAlex: W2112300402
Cited by: 1,291
References: 76
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 71 · 2012: 62
FWCI: 22.13
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
hdl.handle.net
Licence: other-oa
Locations: Brain (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: Wellcome Trust
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: amygdala, emotional facial expressions, fear recognition, emotional face processing, pulvinar, anterior insula, anterior cingulate cortex, extrastriate cortex, gender discrimination, amygdala lesions, functional connectivity, early visual processing
MeSH terms: Adult, Amygdala, Discrimination, Psychological, Emotions, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Male, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Regression Analysis, Sex, Tomography, Emission-Computed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

A neuromodulatory role for the human amygdala in processing emotional facial expressions

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks