Cited by 1,179Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesRegulation of Appetite and Obesity

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 91 of the 91 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Changes in brain activity related to eating chocolate: From pleasure to aversion

Small, D. M.·2001·Brain

DOI 10.1093/brain/124.9.1720

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

We performed successive H(2)(15)O-PET scans on volunteers as they ate chocolate to beyond satiety. Thus, the sensory stimulus and act (eating) were held constant while the reward value of the chocolate and motivation of the subject to eat were manipulated by feeding. Non-specific effects of satiety (such as feelings of fullness and autonomic changes) were also present and probably contributed to the modulation of brain activity. After eating each piece of chocolate, subjects gave ratings of how pleasant/unpleasant the chocolate was and of how much they did or did not want another piece of chocolate. Regional cerebral blood flow was then regressed against subjects' ratings. Different groups of structures were recruited selectively depending on whether subjects were eating chocolate when they were highly motivated to eat and rated the chocolate as very pleasant [subcallosal region, caudomedial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), insula/operculum, striatum and midbrain] or whether they ate chocolate despite being satiated (parahippocampal gyrus, caudolateral OFC and prefrontal regions). As predicted, modulation was observed in cortical chemosensory areas, including the insula and caudomedial and caudolateral OFC, suggesting that the reward value of food is represented here. Of particular interest, the medial and lateral caudal OFC showed opposite patterns of activity. This pattern of activity indicates that there may be a functional segregation of the neural representation of reward and punishment within this region. The only brain region that was active during both positive and negative compared with neutral conditions was the posterior cingulate cortex. Therefore, these results support the hypothesis that there are two separate motivational systems: one orchestrating approach and another avoidance behaviours.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/brain/124.9.1720

Cites

91 of 91 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain
Talairach, J., & Tournoux, P. (1988) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,798
Handbook of neuropsychology
Berti, A. (1992) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(92)90076-x · Cited by 4,190
Untitled work
(1996) · Cited by 3,692
Automatic 3D intersubject registration of MR volumetric data in standardized Talairach space
Collins, D. L., Neelin, P., Peters, T. M., & Evans, A. C. (1994) · Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography · doi:10.1097/00004728-199403000-00005 · Cited by 3,431 · cited 1×
“Each subject also received an MRI scan for anatomical registration of PET data (Collins et al., 1994) and resampling into a standardized stereotaxic coordinate system (Talairach and Tournoux, 1988).”
Method
Subcortical and cortical brain activity during the feeling of self-generated emotions
Damasio, A. R., Grabowski, T. J., Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Ponto, L. L. B., Parvizi, J., & Hichwa, R. D. (2000) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/79871 · Cited by 2,117
A three-dimensional statistical analysis for CBF activation studies in human brain
Worsley, K. J., Evans, A. C., Marrett, S., & Neelin, P. (1992) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1992.127 · Cited by 2,036
A differential neural response in the human amygdala to fearful and happy facial expressions
Morris, J. S., Frith, C. D., Perrett, D. I., Rowland, D., Young, A. W., Calder, A. J., & Dolan, R. J. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/383812a0 · Cited by 2,013
Abstract reward and punishment representations in the human orbitofrontal cortex
O'Doherty, J., Kringelbach, M. L., Rolls, E. T., Hornak, J., & Andrews, C. (2001) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/82959 · Cited by 2,003
Food reward: brain substrates of wanting and liking
Berridge, K. C. (1996) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/0149-7634(95)00033-b · Cited by 1,901
A specific neural substrate for perceiving facial expressions of disgust
Phillips, M. L., Young, A. W., Senior, C., Brammer, M., Andrew, C., Calder, A. J., Bullmore, E. T., Perrett, D. I., Rowland, D., Williams, S. C. R., et al. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/39051 · Cited by 1,609

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 91 references

Sorted by citations

Items 801–900 of 999

Explicit and implicit measures of emotions: Data-science might help to account for data complexity and heterogeneity
Moranges, M., Rouby, C., Plantevit, M., & Bensafi, M. (2021) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104181 · Cited by 9
“They open a window on temporal processing of food perception, including the evolution of wanting and liking over time (Small et al., 2001).”
Background
Neurobehavioral markers of food preference and reward in fasted and fed states and their association with eating behaviors in young Chinese adults
Zhou, Y., Oustric, P., Li, X., Zhu, H., Finlayson, G., & Zhou, C. (2022) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2022.104689 · Cited by 10
The Neurobiology of Appetite
Dagher, A. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374387-9.00002-7 · Cited by 10
Neural reward processing under dopamine agonists: Imaging
Kassubek, J., Abler, B., & Pinkhardt, E. H. (2011) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2011.06.043 · Cited by 9
Influence of substrate oxidation on the reward system, no role of dietary fibre
Touyarou, P., Sulmont‐Rossé, C., Issanchou, S., Despalins, R., & Brondel, L. (2011) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.04.008 · Cited by 9
Dissociable effects of hunger, exposure and sensory overlap on flavour liking
Khorisantono, P. A., Fondberg, R., Achs, L., Friedrich, N. N., Harenbrock, J., Hog, L., Persson, J., Weber, M.-C., Lundström, J. N., & Seubert, J. (2024) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2024.105211 · Cited by 9
Trigeminal sensations in representative spices: Sensory characteristics, chemical compounds, salt reduction, and mechanisms of saltiness enhancement
Qiao, Z., Zhao, L., Shi, B., Yu, X., Yang, T., Li, H., Zhang, L., & Ma, C. (2025) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2025.105112 · Cited by 8
Eating Disorders in Frontotemporal Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease: Evaluation of Brain Perfusion Correlates Using 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT with Brodmann Areas Analysis
Valotassiou, V. J., Sifakis, N., Tzavara, C. K., Lykou, E., Tsinia, N., Kamtsadeli, V., Sali, D., Angelidis, G., Psimadas, D., Tsougos, I., et al. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-201434 · Cited by 8
Eating ourselves to death: How food is a drug and what food abuse costs
Robinson, M. B. (2022) · Drug Science Policy and Law · doi:10.1177/20503245221112577 · Cited by 8
Predicting Perceived Hedonic Ratings through Facial Expressions of Different Drinks
Matsufuji, Y., Ueji, K., & Yamamoto, T. (2023) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods12183490 · Cited by 8
Appetite as Motivated Choice
Dagher, A., Neseliler, S., & Han, J.-E. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805308-9.00032-4 · Cited by 8
Modulation of event-related potentials to food cues upon sensory-specific satiety
Zoon, H. F. A., Ohla, K., de Graaf, C., & Boesveldt, S. (2018) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.08.020 · Cited by 8
NUEVAS VENTANAS HACIA EL CEREBRO HUMANO Y SU IMPACTO EN LA NEUROCIENCIA COGNOSCITIVA
Fitzgerald, Ó. S., & Munévar, G. (2007) · Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología · doi:10.14349/rlp.v39i1.625 · Cited by 8
Exposure to cues associated with palatable food reward results in a dopamine D2 receptor-dependent suppression of evoked synaptic responses in the entorhinal cortex
Hutter, J. A., & Chapman, C. A. (2013) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-9-37 · Cited by 8
“The anticipation of food reward induces strong ele vations in dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex, followed by declines duri ng consumption [2528,34,49], and exposure to food reward results in changes in cortical ac v tion in humans in areas including the striatum, insula, orbitofrontal, pregenual…”
Background
Preliminary fMRI findings concerning the influence of 5‐ HTP on food selection
Ioannou, S., & Williams, A. L. (2016) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.594 · Cited by 8
“Small et al. (2001) observed that the rewarding value of eating chocolate decreased activity in primary gustatory regions of reward processing and feeding motivation.”
Influential
Chemosensory Sensitivity after Coffee Consumption Is Not Static: Short-Term Effects on Gustatory and Olfactory Sensitivity
Fjældstad, A. W., & Fernandes, H. M. (2020) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods9040493 · Cited by 10
“While the simple taste reflexes occurring at the brain stem level seems to be impervious to modulatory effects [15], the higher cognitive layers involved in taste processing are more prone to multisensory modulation [1].”
Background
Cortical Systems Involved in Appetite and Food Consumption
Kringelbach, M. L. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012370633-1/50002-5 · Cited by 9
“Further evidence comes from a study investigating the nonspecific satiation effects of chocolate (with both olfactory and gustatory components), which found a correlation between the decrease in pleasantness and activity in the orbitofrontal cortex (Small et al., 2001).”
Background
Funktionelle Hemisphärenasymmetrie der Selbstkontrolle?
Knoch, D. (2007) · Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie · doi:10.1024/1016-264x.18.3.183 · Cited by 8
What is new in neuro-musculoskeletal interactions?
Rittweger, J., & Rauch, F. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 8
Mapping Brain Activity in Response to Taste Stimulation
Small, D. M., & Faurion, A. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118971758.ch35 · Cited by 8
Self-citation
Le goût sucré, de l’enfance… à la dépendance ?
Nicklaus, S., & Divert, C. (2013) · Cahiers de Nutrition et de Diététique · doi:10.1016/j.cnd.2013.06.002 · Cited by 7
A role of CB1R in inducing θ-rhythm coordination between the gustatory and gastrointestinal insula
Kang, Y., Satō, H., Saito, M., Yin, D. X., Park, S. K., Oh, S. B., Bae, Y. C., & Toyoda, H. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep32529 · Cited by 7
Objective and Subjective Aspects of the Drive to Eat in Obesogenic Environments
Lieberman, L. S. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44103-0_10 · Cited by 7
Qualitative Approaches to the Study of Substance and Behavioral Addictions
Simpson, K. A., & Bluthenthal, R. N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.013 · Cited by 10
Green marketing strategy, technology implementation and corporate performance: the role of green creative behaviour and institutional isomorphism
Nyamekye, M. B., Martey, E. M., Agbemabiese, G. C., Preko, A., Gyepi-Garbrah, T. F., & Appah, E. (2024) · Journal of Contemporary Marketing Science · doi:10.1108/jcmars-09-2023-0038 · Cited by 7
An Examination of Psychological Risk Factors for the Development of Substance Abuse Among Post- Bariatric Surgery Patients
Ivezaj, V. (2012) · Cited by 7
Amygdala Represents Diverse Forms of Intangible Knowledge, That Illuminate Social Processing and Major Clinical Disorders
Weston, C. S. E. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00336 · Cited by 7
“That is, the subjective valence of that food falls during satiety (O’Doherty et al., 2000; Small et al., 2001; Murray and Rudebeck, 2013).”
Background
The underpinning of meaningful activities by brain correlates: a systematic review
Cruyt, E., VRIENDT, P. D., Geyter, N. D., Leirsberghe, J. V., Santens, P., Baets, S. D., Letter, M. D., Vlerick, P., Calders, P., Pauw, R. D., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1136754 · Cited by 7
“Three studies concerned activities that contained three different attributes (Small et al., 2001; Karmonik et al., 2016; Pan et al., 2021), sixteen with four attributes (Bengtsson and Ullén, 2006; Spiers and Maguire, 2006; Mathiak et al.”
Background
Neuroendocrine Stress Response and Its Impact on Eating Behavior and Body Weight
Tannenbaum, B. M., Anisman, H., & Abizaid, A. B. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374387-9.00021-0 · Cited by 7
Comparison times are longer for hedonic than for intensity judgements of taste stimuli
Veldhuizen, M. G., Vessaz, M. N., & Kroeze, J. H. A. (2005) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.01.018 · Cited by 7
The cerebral correlates of sexual desire: Functional neuroimaging approach
Fonteille, V., & Stoléru, S. (2010) · Sexologies · doi:10.1016/j.sexol.2010.03.011 · Cited by 8
Assessing multisensory tasting experiences by means of customized soundscapes
Reinoso‐Carvalho, F., van Ee, R., Touhafi, A., Steenhaut, K., & Rychtáriková, M. (2015) · Lirias · Cited by 7
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) of the Anterior Prefrontal Cortex (aPFC) Modulates Reinforcement Learning and Decision-Making Under Uncertainty: a Double-Blind Crossover Study
Casula, E. P., Testa, G., Bisiacchi, P. S., Montagnese, S., Caregaro, L., Amodio, P., & Schiff, S. (2017) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-017-0030-7 · Cited by 7
“…mainly win-stay behavior, and (2) in using the learned stimulus-reward associations in order to guide response selection under uncertainty in a new decision context (O’Doherty et al. 2001; Small et al. 2001; Kringelbach et al. 2003; Kringelbach and Rolls 2003; Wallis 2007; Elliott et al. 2010).”
Background
Neuroimaging and modulation in obesity and diabetes research: 10th anniversary meeting
Laughlin, M. R., Cooke, B., Boutelle, K. N., Savage, C. R., Kravitz, A. V., Small, D. M., Arvanitakis, Z., Martin, A. D., & Stoeckel, L. E. (2021) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-021-01025-8 · Cited by 7
Self-citation
Chocolate: food for moods.
Wong, S. Y., & Lua, P. L. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 7
What Can Cognitive Neuroscience Tell Us About the Mechanism of Ego Depletion?
Wagner, D. D., & Heatherton, T. F. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801850-7.00014-7 · Cited by 7
Investigations into ventral prefrontal cortex using mediation models
Hu, K. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24512 · Cited by 7
Neurophysiological markers of hedonic taste assessment
Eremenko, J. A., Martinez‐Saito, M., Naumova, K., Gracheva, S., Zinchenko, O. O., Kosonogov, V., Semenikhin, V., & Шестакова, А. Н. (2024) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2024.105374 · Cited by 6
The Enteric Neuronal Circuitry: A Key Ignored Player in Nutrient Sensing Along the Gut–Brain Axis
Nikolla, E., Grandberry, A., Jamerson, D., Flynn, C. R., & Sundaresan, S. (2025) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202500220rr · Cited by 6
“It is hypothesized that an HPD also activates the hedonic feeding pathway, but that mechanism is poorly understood [205].”
Metabolic state modulates neural processing of odors in the human olfactory bulb
Iravani, B., Frasnelli, J., Arshamian, A., & Lundström, J. N. (2024) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108770 · Cited by 7
Olfactory decoding is positively associated with ad libitum food intake in sated humans
Perszyk, E. E., Davis, X. S., & Small, D. M. (2022) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2022.106351 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
Altered States of Consciousness: Drug- Induced States
Pace-Schott, E. F., & Hobson, J. A. (2007) · Blackwell Publishing Ltd eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470751466.ch11 · Cited by 6
Das menschliche Belohnungssystem
Erk, S., Walter, H., & Abler, B. (2005) · Nervenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1629956 · Cited by 6
A method for the assessment of facial hedonic reactions in newborns
Ayres, C., Ferreira, C. F., Bernardi, J. R., Marcelino, T. B., Hirakata, V. N., da Silva, C. H., & Goldani, M. Z. (2016) · Jornal de Pediatria · doi:10.1016/j.jped.2016.06.011 · Cited by 6
Evidence from neuroimaging and neuropsychology
Apperly, I. A. (2010) · doi:10.4324/9780203833926-9 · Cited by 6
The Brain’s Got a Taste for Good Food
Horstmann, A. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199330454.003.0003 · Cited by 6
Why we stay with our social partners: Neural mechanisms of stay/leave decision-making
Heijne, A., Rossi, F., & Sanfey, A. G. (2017) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2017.1370010 · Cited by 7
Genome-wide DNA methylation alteration in prenatally stressed Brahman heifer calves with the advancement of age
Cilkiz, K. Z., Baker, E. C., Riggs, P. K., Littlejohn, B. P., Long, C. R., Welsh, T. H., Randel, R. D., & Riley, D. G. (2020) · Epigenetics · doi:10.1080/15592294.2020.1805694 · Cited by 8
Food Addiction, Obesity and Neuroimaging
von Deneen, K. M., & Liu, Y. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/33331 · Cited by 7
Chapter 8 Affect and Group Attachments: The Role of Shared Responsibility
Lawler, E. J. (2007) · Research on managing groups and teams · doi:10.1016/s1534-0856(07)10008-6 · Cited by 6
Neural mechanisms of food preference and reward processing: a review of multifaceted influencing factors and intervention strategies
Gao, X., Wu, Y., Zheng, R., Kou, Y., Xing, H., Li, K., & Zhang, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1823431 · Cited by 8
“…(vmPFC) primarily encode the subjective value of food options by integrating sensory features, prior experience, and current physiological needs (60–63), whereas the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and ACC contribute more strongly to self-control, conflict monitoring, and the implementation…”
Neuromarketing: The New Dawn and Disruption in Marketing Research
Prakash, K. B., & Reddy, A. A. S. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.98299 · Cited by 8
Value-based cognition and drug dependency
Loganathan, K. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107070 · Cited by 8
Brain-Based Etiology of Weight Regulation
Burger, K. S., Shearrer, G. E., & Sanders, A. J. (2015) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-015-0667-5 · Cited by 5
Exploration fonctionnelle et troubles du goût
Venail, F., Mondain, M., & Uziel, A. S. (2008) · Encyclopédie médico-chirurgicale. Oto-rhino-laryngologie · doi:10.1016/s0246-0351(08)39252-6 · Cited by 5
Neurobiologie der Anhedonie
Kuhlmann, S., Walter, H., & Schlaepfer, T. E. (2012) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-012-3654-y · Cited by 9
Beyond visual experience: Brain activity reflecting sensory experiences implied by the product design
Sung, Y. S., Choi, M.-J., KIM, H.-T., LEE, Y.-S., & KIM, C.-Y. (2011) · Japanese Psychological Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-5884.2011.00484.x · Cited by 7
Sexuality, Sensuality, and Intimacy in Palliative Care
Gallo-Silver, L. P. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199739110.003.0024 · Cited by 5
Human Eating Motivation in Times of Plenty
Lowe, M. R., Bocarsly, M. E., & Parigi, A. D. (2008) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420047844.ch6 · Cited by 5
Brain activation during repeated imagining of chocolate consumption: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Kiortsis, D. N., Σπυρίδωνος, Π. Π., Margariti, P. N., Xydis, V. G., Alexiou, G. Α., Astrakas, L. G., & Argyropoulou, M. I. (2018) · HORMONES · doi:10.1007/s42000-018-0053-1 · Cited by 5
Affective rating of audio and video clips using the EmojiGrid
Toet, A., & van Erp, J. B. F. (2020) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.25088.2 · Cited by 7
Substance and Behavioral Addictions Assessment Instruments
Grigsby, T. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.012 · Cited by 6
Intracranial electrophysiology of the human orbitofrontal cortex
Adolphs, R., Kawasaki, H., Oya, H., & Howard, M. A. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565741.003.0014 · Cited by 5
Affective rating of audio and video clips using the EmojiGrid
Toet, A., & van Erp, J. B. F. (2020) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.25088.1 · Cited by 4
“…real-world events (Altenmüller et al., 2002; Gabrielsson & Lindström, 2003; Krumhansl, 1997) and can activate brain regions associated with reward, motivation, pleasure and the mediation of dopaminergic levels (Blood & Zatorre, 2001; Brown et al., 2004; Menon & Levitin, 2005; Small et al., 2001).”
'To do or not to do'? The neurobiology of decision-making in daily life: I. Getting the basics
Palmini, A., & Haase, V.-G. (2007) · Dementia & Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1590/s1980-57642008dn10100003 · Cited by 5
Do gamblers eat more salt? Testing a latent trait model of covariance in consumption
Goodwin, B., Browne, M., Rockloff, M., & Donaldson, P. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.4.2015.022 · Cited by 6
Functional imaging in obese children responding to long-term sports therapy
Kinder, M., Lotze, M., Davids, S., Domín, M., Thoms, K., Wendt, J., Hirschfeld, H., Hamm, A. O., & Lauffer, H. (2014) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.06.037 · Cited by 5
An Addiction Model of Binge Eating Disorder
Carter, J. C., & Davis, C. A. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0338-9_30 · Cited by 5
Orosensory Perception
Møller, P. (2014) · AAPS advances in the pharmaceutical sciences series · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-8011-3_8 · Cited by 5
Olfaction and Taste in the Food and Beverage Industries
Bell, G., & Parr, W. V. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118971758.ch47 · Cited by 5
Model-Based Decision Making in the Human Brain
Hampton, A. N. (2007) · CaltechTHESIS (California Institute of Technology) · doi:10.7907/k9z8-e248 · Cited by 5
The Neuroscience of Affective Dynamics
Puccetti, N. A., Villano, W. J., & Heller, A. S. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-82965-0_3 · Cited by 5
The interaction between Environmental Enrichment and fluoxetine in inhibiting sucrose-seeking renewal in mice depend on social living condition
Pintori, N., Piva, A., Guardiani, V., Marzo, C., Decimo, I., & Chiamulera, C. (2022) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-022-06124-6 · Cited by 4
“2020), confirming that energy-dense palatable foods and drugs of abuse can impact similarly the reward brain circuits (Small et al. 2001; Volkow and Morales 2015; Volkow et al. 2012).”
Background
Neural correlates of appetite in adolescents
Chen, L., Thapaliya, G., Papantoni, A., Benson, L., & Carnell, S. (2023) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2023.107076 · Cited by 4
The Cerebral Cortex and Complex Cerebral Functions
ten Donkelaar, H. J., Catani, M., van Domburg, P., Eling, P., Küsters, B., & Hori, A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-41878-6_15 · Cited by 4
MONKEYS EXHIBIT PREFERENCE FOR BIOLOGICALLY NON-SIGNIFICANT VISUAL STIMULI
Takebayashi, M., & Funahashi, S. (2009) · PSYCHOLOGIA · doi:10.2117/psysoc.2009.147 · Cited by 4
Snack food as a modulator of human resting-state functional connectivity
Mendez-Torrijos, A., Kreitz, S., Ivan, C., Konerth, L., Rösch, J., Pischetsrieder, M., Moll, G. H., Kratz, O., Dörfler, A., Horndasch, S., et al. (2018) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852918000767 · Cited by 4
Prevention and Treatment of Sex Addiction
Reid, R. C., Grubbs, J. B., & Kraus, S. W. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.025 · Cited by 4
Imaginative Culture and the Enriched Nature of Positive Experience
Barrett, N. F. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.831118 · Cited by 5
Deficit Symptomatology of Schizophrenia Is Associated with Attenuated Taste Identification: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Study
Wroński, M., Samochowiec, J., Pełka-Wysiecka, J., Liśkiewicz, P., Bieńkowski, P., & Misiak, B. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12111520 · Cited by 4
Sex-specific association between regional gray matter volume and spicy food craving or consumption
Zhou, L., Ma, Y., Chen, H., & Han, P. (2023) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2023.107038 · Cited by 4
Imaging Functional Systems in Depression
Young, C. B., Mueller, B. W., & Tendolkar, I. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802456-0.00008-x · Cited by 5
Contextual and social variables modulate aesthetic appreciation of bodily and abstract art stimuli
Era, V., Candidi, M., & Aglioti, S. M. (2019) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.102881 · Cited by 5
Neurofinance – Geldverarbeitung im Gehirn
Bürger, C., & Weber, B. (2010) · Gabler eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-8349-6373-4_10 · Cited by 3
Taste, Reward, and Physiology
Scott, T. R. (2009) · Chemosensory Perception · doi:10.1007/s12078-009-9055-3 · Cited by 4
“However, both PET (Tataranni et al. 1999) and fMRI ( Small et al. 2001 ) studies offer contradictory evidence by suggesting that primary taste cortex in humans becomes more active following a fast, implying that the degree of satiety has an influence on these cells.”
Background
Feedback valuation processing within the prefrontal cortex
Amiez, C., & Petrides, M. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374620-7.00009-1 · Cited by 4
The effects of lesions of the hippocampus or orbitofrontal cortex on an operant box based intertemporal choice task in mice.
Finger, B. C., Deacon, R. M. J., Burns, P., & Campbell, T. G. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience Psychology and Economics · doi:10.1037/a0025772 · Cited by 4
Roles of Taste in Feeding and Reward
Yamamoto, T., & Shimura, T. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012370880-9.00098-0 · Cited by 4
Variability in Reward Responsivity and Obesity: Evidence from Brain Imaging StudiesPreprint
Burger, K. S. (2017) · doi:10.31232/osf.io/fsqde · Cited by 5
The neural basis of coping strategies for boredom and their association with creativity
Hanawa, S., Nozawa, T., Sugiura, M., Nouchi, R., Yokoyama, R., Thyreau, B., Kotozaki, Y., Araki, T., & Kawashima, R. (2025) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2025.101794 · Cited by 3
Seeing Is Craving: Neural Dynamics of Appetitive Processing During Food-Cue Video Watching and Its Impact on Obesity
Han, J., Zhuang, K., Dong, D., Wang, S., Zhou, F., Jiang, Y., & Chen, H. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17152449 · Cited by 3
“When food stimuli appear, related information is retrieved from memory, associated with reward value, and often persists beyond stimulus presentation through sustained activation of reward pathways [50,51].”
Systems and Molecular Biology of Longevity and Preventive Medicine: Brain-Energy–Microbiome–Exposome Synergies in Blue Zones and the Cilento Case
Aliberti, S. M., Capunzo, M., & Funk, R. H. W. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26167887 · Cited by 5
Optogenetic Hedonic Hotspots in the Orbitofrontal Cortex and Insula: Causing Enhancement of Sweetness “Liking”
Morales, I., & Berridge, K. C. (2026) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0865-25.2026 · Cited by 3
“Similarly, the human insula is activated by pleasant food images (Simmons et al., 2013) and tracks decreases in chocolate pleasure ratings as people eat to satiety (Small et al., 2001).”
Olfaction and Health
Herz, R. S. (2021) · Human perspectives in health sciences and technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-75205-7_11 · Cited by 4
An intra-oral flavor detection task in freely moving mice
Shiotani, K., Tanisumi, Y., Osako, Y., Murata, K., Hirokawa, J., Sakurai, Y., & Manabe, H. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.108924 · Cited by 3
“However, when the gustatory pathway was blocked, the mice were still able to detect the presence of ﬂavors (Figure 6).”
Background
Reward processing in food addiction and overeating
Naish, K. R., & Balodis, I. M. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816207-1.00008-1 · Cited by 3
Gaming Disorder and Its Treatment
Griffiths, M. D., Kuss, D. J., & Pontes, H. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.029 · Cited by 6
Suchtaspekte bei Adipositas
Kiefer, F., & Grosshans, M. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-38364-9_6 · Cited by 3
Treatment of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug (ATOD) Misuse
Sussman, S. Y., & Bolshakova, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.022 · Cited by 3
The Role of Culture in Addiction
Hoffman, B. R., & Unger, J. B. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.018 · Cited by 3

Authors: Small, D. M.
Affiliations: Northwestern University (US)
Corresponding author: Small, D. M.
ORCID: Small, D. M.
Venue: Brain
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2001-09-01
Volume: 124
Issue: 9
Pages: 1720-1733
ISSN: 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
1460-2156
DOI: 10.1093/brain/124.9.1720
OpenAlex: W2243948722
Cited by: 1,179
References: 91
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 71 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 55 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 77
FWCI: 10.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Brain (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Keywords: chocolate consumption, food reward, satiety, food aversion, insula, striatum, midbrain, parahippocampal gyrus, posterior cingulate cortex, approach-avoidance motivation, regional cerebral blood flow, chemosensory processing
MeSH terms: Avoidance Learning, Brain, Cacao, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Reward, Satiety Response, Taste, Tomography, Emission-Computed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Changes in brain activity related to eating chocolate: From pleasure to aversion

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks