Cited by 1,179Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesRegulation of Appetite and Obesity

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Changes in brain activity related to eating chocolate: From pleasure to aversion

Small, D. M.·2001·Brain

DOI 10.1093/brain/124.9.1720

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Abstract

We performed successive H(2)(15)O-PET scans on volunteers as they ate chocolate to beyond satiety. Thus, the sensory stimulus and act (eating) were held constant while the reward value of the chocolate and motivation of the subject to eat were manipulated by feeding. Non-specific effects of satiety (such as feelings of fullness and autonomic changes) were also present and probably contributed to the modulation of brain activity. After eating each piece of chocolate, subjects gave ratings of how pleasant/unpleasant the chocolate was and of how much they did or did not want another piece of chocolate. Regional cerebral blood flow was then regressed against subjects' ratings. Different groups of structures were recruited selectively depending on whether subjects were eating chocolate when they were highly motivated to eat and rated the chocolate as very pleasant [subcallosal region, caudomedial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), insula/operculum, striatum and midbrain] or whether they ate chocolate despite being satiated (parahippocampal gyrus, caudolateral OFC and prefrontal regions). As predicted, modulation was observed in cortical chemosensory areas, including the insula and caudomedial and caudolateral OFC, suggesting that the reward value of food is represented here. Of particular interest, the medial and lateral caudal OFC showed opposite patterns of activity. This pattern of activity indicates that there may be a functional segregation of the neural representation of reward and punishment within this region. The only brain region that was active during both positive and negative compared with neutral conditions was the posterior cingulate cortex. Therefore, these results support the hypothesis that there are two separate motivational systems: one orchestrating approach and another avoidance behaviours.

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“…particular (Aharon et al , 2001; Anderson et al , 2003; Blood and Zatorre, 2001; Breiter et al , 1997; Elliott et al , 2000b; Knutson et al , 2000; Kunig et al , 2000; Martin-Solch et al , 2001; O’Doherty et al , 2001; Rogers et al , 1999; Rolls et al , 2003; Small et al , 2001; Thut et al , 1997).”
Background
Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion
Blood, A. J., & Zatorre, R. J. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.191355898 · Cited by 2,814

See all 1,179

Authors: Small, D. M.
Affiliations: Northwestern University (US)
Corresponding author: Small, D. M.
ORCID: Small, D. M.
Venue: Brain
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2001-09-01
Volume: 124
Issue: 9
Pages: 1720-1733
ISSN: 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
1460-2156
DOI: 10.1093/brain/124.9.1720
OpenAlex: W2243948722
Cited by: 1,179
References: 91
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 71 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 55 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 77
FWCI: 10.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Brain (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Keywords: chocolate consumption, food reward, satiety, food aversion, insula, striatum, midbrain, parahippocampal gyrus, posterior cingulate cortex, approach-avoidance motivation, regional cerebral blood flow, chemosensory processing
MeSH terms: Avoidance Learning, Brain, Cacao, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Reward, Satiety Response, Taste, Tomography, Emission-Computed

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Changes in brain activity related to eating chocolate: From pleasure to aversion

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