Caffeine intake in children in the United States and 10-y trends: 2001-2010
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Background Because of the increasing concern of the potential adverse effects of caffeine intake in children, recent estimates of caffeine consumption in a representative sample of children are needed.Objectives We provide estimates of caffeine intake in children in absolute amounts (mg) and in relation to body weight (mg/kg) to examine the association of caffeine consumption with sociodemographic factors and describe trends in caffeine intake in children in the United States.Design We analyzed caffeine intake in 3280 children aged 2-19 y who participated in a 24-h dietary recall as part of the NHANES, which is a nationally representative survey of the US population with a cross-sectional design, in 2009-2010. Trends over time between 2001 and 2010 were examined in 2-19-y-old children (n = 18,530). Analyses were conducted for all children and repeated for caffeine consumers.Results In 2009-2010, 71% of US children consumed caffeine on a given day. Median caffeine intakes for 2-5-, 6-11-, and 12-19-y olds were 1.3, 4.5, and 13.6 mg, respectively, and 4.7, 9.1, and 40.6 mg, respectively, in caffeine consumers. Non-Hispanic black children had lower caffeine intake than that of non-Hispanic white counterparts. Caffeine intake correlated positively with age; this association was independent of body weight. On a given day, 10% of 12-19-y-olds exceeded the suggested maximum caffeine intake of 2.5 mg/kg by Health Canada. A significant linear trend of decline in caffeine intake (in mg or mg/kg) was noted overall for children aged 2-19 y during 2001-2010. Specifically, caffeine intake declined by 3.0 and 4.6 mg in 2-5- and 6-11-y-old caffeine consumers, respectively; no change was noted in 12-19-y-olds.Conclusion A majority of US children including preschoolers consumed caffeine. Caffeine intake was highest in 12-19-y-olds and remained stable over the 10-y study period in this age group.
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More recent data suggest that caffeine consumption has remained stable among children aged 2-19 since the 1990s.
“More recent data suggest that caffeine consumption has remained stable among this age group since the 1990s (8, 33), a finding similar to that in adults.”
From The Safety of Ingested Caffeine: A Comprehensive Review (2017) · cites this paper as [33]
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Ajmal, S., Ajmal, L., Babar, A., Riasat, A., BATOOL, F., & Zafar, T. (2023) · Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca Food Science and Technology · doi:10.15835/buasvmcn-fst:2022.0022
Coffee Consumption Among Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study
Akça, G., & Akça, Ü. (2024) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/00099228241246398
Zhao, Z., Jin, H., Li, X., & Shen, J. (2025) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/1568539x-bja10303
Effects of Caffeine on Kidney Stone Disease and Renal Cancer
Peerapen, P., & Thongboonkerd, V. (2025) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781839166853-00264
Ware, O. D., Chang, S. E., Thompson, W. K., Potter, A., Garavan, H., Johnson, M. E., & Uddin, L. Q. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0327385
- Authors
- Ahluwalia, N., Herrick, K., Moshfegh, A., & Rybak, M.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-10
- Volume
- 100
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1124-1132
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7505205
- OpenAlex
- W2040758152
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 4.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (CC999999)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- caffeine consumption, children, adolescents, dietary trends, sociodemographic factors, racial differences, NHANES, 24-hour dietary recall
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Body Weight, Caffeine, Canada, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diet, Ethnicity, Female, Humans, Male, Nutrition Surveys, Surveys and Questionnaires, Mental Recall, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Young Adult
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