The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Basal-ganglia 'Projections' to the Prefrontal Cortex of the Primate
Abstract
We used retrograde transneuronal transport of the McIntyre-B strain of herpes simplex virus type 1 to examine the extent and organization of basal-ganglia-thalamocortical projections to five regions of prefrontal cortex in the cebus monkey (Cebus apella): medial and lateral area 9 (9m and 9l), dorsal and ventral area 46 (46d and 46v) and lateral area 12 (12l). All of these prefrontal areas were found to be targets of basal-ganglia output that originated in the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) and/or the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra (SNpr). Approximately one-third of the total volume of these nuclei was directed toward prefrontal cortex, a volume comparable to that directed at the cortical motor areas. The origins of the outputs to different prefrontal areas were topographically organized. Different portions of SNpr (the rostral and caudal thirds) projected to areas 9m and 12l. Similarly, different output nuclei (GPi and SNpr) projected to adjacent portions of the same cytoarchitectonic field (46d and 46v). Furthermore, the outputs to prefrontal areas were segregated from those to motor areas of cortex. Thus, basal-ganglia outputs to prefrontal cortex are both extensive and topographically organized, forming a rich anatomical substrate for basal-ganglia influences on the cognitive operations of the frontal lobe.
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“These patterns of size-independently co-evolving brain structures correspond to brain systems that have been described in electrophysiological and anatomical tract-tracing studies in non-human primates [27–31] and MRI studies in humans [32–35]”
From Brain reorganization, not relative brain size, primarily characterizes anthropoid brain evolution (2013) · cites this paper as [27]
Citations
Cites
Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex
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Circuitry of Primate Prefrontal Cortex and Regulation of Behavior by Representational Memory
Goldman‐Rakic, P. S. (1987) · Comprehensive Physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.cp010509 · Cited by 1,960
Basal ganglia and cerebellar loops: motor and cognitive circuits
Middleton, F. (2000) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(99)00040-5 · Cited by 1,940
Self-citationAnatomical evidence for cerebellar and basal ganglia involvement in higher cognitive function
Middleton, F. A., & Strick, P. L. (1994) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7939688 · Cited by 1,356
Self-citationThe behavioural and motor consequences of focal lesions of the basal ganglia in man.
Bhatia, K., & Marsden, C. (1994) · Brain : a journal of neurology · doi:10.1093/brain/117.4.859 · Cited by 1,137
Cerebellar Projections to the Prefrontal Cortex of the Primate
Middleton, F. A., & Strick, P. L. (2001) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-02-00700.2001 · Cited by 1,034
Self-citationArchitecture and intrinsic connections of the prefrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey
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The organization of the human cerebellum estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity
Buckner, R. L., Krienen, F. M., Castellanos, A., Diaz, J. C., & Yeo, B. T. T. (2011) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00339.2011 · Cited by 7,304
Willcutt, E. G., Doyle, A. E., Nigg, J. T., Faraone, S. V., & Pennington, B. F. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.02.006 · Cited by 3,568
The primate basal ganglia: Parallel and integrative networks
Haber, S. N. (2003) · Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy · doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2003.10.003 · Cited by 1,479
“…cortex in a series of functional modules that maintain a relative consistent anatomical and physiological organization, leading to the concept of parallel processing of cortical information through segregated BG circuits (Heimer et al., 1982; Alexander et al., 1986; Middleton and Strick, 2002).”
BackgroundApathy and the Functional Anatomy of the Prefrontal Cortex–Basal Ganglia Circuits
Levy, R., & Dubois, B. (2006) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhj043 · Cited by 1,285
“…between these structures has been repeatedly demonstrated in the monkey from the first studies of Kemp and Powell (1970) using fiber degeneration techniques to the most recent and sophisticated techniques of pathway labeling using viral polysynaptic retrograde tracers (Middleton and Strick, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodFunctional connectivity of human striatum: a resting state FMRI study
Di Martino, A., Scheres, A., Margulies, D. S., Kelly, A. M. C., Uddin, L. Q., Shehzad, Z., Biswal, B., Walters, J. R., Castellanos, F. X., & Milham, M. P. (2008) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn041 · Cited by 1,090
Metadata
- Authors
- Middleton, F. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Middleton, F. A.
- ORCID
- Middleton, F. A.
- Venue
- Cerebral Cortex
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2002-09-01
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 926-935
- ISSN
- 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2199
- OpenAlex
- W2142455573
- Semantic Scholar
- 694a295bee8ec9996ffe86fdc9c06d779f885fdf
- Cited by
- 451
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 11.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5f31mh011262-02)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH056661, MH11262, MH-56661)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex, thalamocortical connections, globus pallidus internus, substantia nigra pars reticulata, topographic organization, Cebus apella, area 46, retrograde tracing, herpes simplex virus type 1
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Axonal Transport, Basal Ganglia, Cebus, Neural Pathways, Prefrontal Cortex, Herpesvirus 1, Human
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