Reappraising the Ultimatum: an fMRI Study of Emotion Regulation and Decision Making
Open accessAbstract
Emotion regulation strategies provide a means by which to modulate our social behavior. In this study, we investigated the effect of using reappraisal to both up- and downregulate social decision making. After being instructed on how to use reappraisal, participants played the Ultimatum Game while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging and applied the strategies of upregulation (reappraising the proposer's intentions as more negative), down-regulation (reappraising the proposer's intentions as less negative), as well as a baseline "look" condition. As hypothesized, when reappraising, decision acceptance rates were altered, with a greater number of unfair offers accepted while down-regulating and a greater number of unfair offers rejected while upregulating, both relative to the baseline condition. At the neural level, during reappraisal, significant activations were observed in the inferior and middle frontal gyrus (MFG), in addition to the medial prefrontal cortex and cingulate gyrus for unfair offers only. Regulated decisions involved left inferior frontal gyrus for upregulation and MFG for down-regulation strategies, respectively. Importantly, the effects of emotion modulation were evident in posterior insula, with less activation for down-regulation and more activation for upregulation in these areas. Notably, we show for the first time that top-down strategies such as reappraisal strongly affect our socioeconomic decisions.
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A neural circuit comprising the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, and insula is involved in the unique processes of mindful emotion regulation.
“In line with the above cited and other recent evidence [81, 83–85], we outline a neural circuit comprising the prefrontal cortex (PFC), the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), the amygdala (A), and the insula (I) that are involved in the unique processes of mindful emotion regulation.”
From Mindful emotion regulation: Exploring the neurocognitive mechanisms behind mindfulness (2015) · cites this paper as [81]
The Reappraising Brain and Mentalizing section reports PFC and ACC recruitment during reappraisal, and Decision Making Can Be Influenced in Different Directions reports insula activity affected by the regulation strategies (page numbers unavailable). The Introduction mentions the amygdala only in describing emotion-regulation research generally. The paper studies reappraisal during an ultimatum game, not the proposed four-region circuit or processes unique to mindful emotion regulation. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Grecucci, A., Giorgetta, C., van't Wout, M., Bonini, N., & Sanfey, A. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Trento (IT)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Venue
- Cerebral Cortex
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-02-23
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 399-410
- ISSN
- 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2199
- OpenAlex
- W2115247350
- Cited by
- 207
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 7.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Iris (University of Trento) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Bari Aldo Moro) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Provincia Autonoma di Trento
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, ultimatum game, social decision-making, fairness, up-regulation, downregulation, posterior insula, medial prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, top-down control
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Brain Mapping, Decision Making, Emotions, Female, Games, Experimental, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Young Adult
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