Influenza A Reinfection in Sequential Human Challenge: Implications for Protective Immunity and “Universal” Vaccine Development
Open accessAbstract
Background: Identification of correlates of protection against human influenza A virus infection is important in development of broadly protective (“universal”) influenza vaccines. Certain assumptions underlie current vaccine developmental strategies, including that infection with a particular influenza A virus should offer long-term or lifelong protection against that strain, preventing reinfection. In this study we report observations made when 7 volunteers participated in sequential influenza challenge studies where they were challenged intranasally using the identical influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus approximately 1 year apart. We evaluate and describe the outcomes of these 7 rechallenge participants and discuss what these results may suggest about correlates of protection and development of more broadly protective influenza vaccines. Methods: Seven participants were enrolled in 2 viral challenge studies at 7.5- to 18.5-month intervals. Both challenge studies used the identical lot of influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 virus administered intranasally. We evaluated pre- and postchallenge hemagglutination inhibition, neuraminidase inhibition, and stalk antibody titers; peripheral blood leukocyte host gene expression response profiles; daily viral detection via nasal wash; and clinical signs and symptoms. Results: At least 3 of 7 participants demonstrated confirmed laboratory evidence of sequential infection, with 5 of 7 demonstrating clinical evidence. Conclusions: The data presented in this report demonstrate that sequential infection with the identical influenza A virus can occur and suggest it may not be rare. These data raise questions about immune memory responses in an acute superficial respiratory mucosal infection and their implications in development of broadly protective influenza vaccines. Further investigation of these observations is warranted. Clinical Trials Registration: NCT01646138; NCT01971255.
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Challenge studies demonstrate that the same influenza strain can reinfect a person within a year of first infection.
“human challenge studies show that reinfection with an identical strain is possible within 1 year of initial infection83.”
From Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection (2021) · cites this paper as [83]
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- Authors
- Memoli, M. J., Han, A., Walters, K.-A., Czajkowski, L., Reed, S., Athota, R., Angela Rosas, L., Cervantes-Medina, A., Park, J.-K., Morens, D. M., Kash, J. C., & Taubenberger, J. K.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Institute for Systems Biology (US)
- Clinical Studies Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland
- Corresponding author
- Memoli, Matthew J
- ORCID
- Venue
- Clinical Infectious Diseases
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2019-04-06
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 748-753
- ISSN
- 1058-4838 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-6591
- PMC
- PMC7319262
- OpenAlex
- W2930807218
- Cited by
- 61
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 5.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- Clinical Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Influenza Virus Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Respiratory viral infections research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral Infections and Outbreaks Research
- Keywords
- influenza A virus, H1N1pdm09, reinfection, human challenge studies, protective immunity, universal influenza vaccine, correlates of protection, immunological memory, hemagglutination inhibition, neuraminidase inhibition, host gene expression, respiratory mucosa
- MeSH terms
- Reinfection, Antibodies, Viral, Humans, Influenza, Human, Influenza Vaccines, Orthomyxoviridae Infections, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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