Direct Observation of Repeated Infections With Endemic Coronaviruses
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Abstract
Background: Although the mechanisms of adaptive immunity to pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are still unknown, the immune response to the widespread endemic coronaviruses HKU1, 229E, NL63, and OC43 provide a useful reference for understanding repeat infection risk. Methods: Here we used data from proactive sampling carried out in New York City from fall 2016 to spring 2018. We combined weekly nasal swab collection with self-reports of respiratory symptoms from 191 participants to investigate the profile of recurring infections with endemic coronaviruses. Results: During the study, 12 individuals tested positive multiple times for the same coronavirus. We found no significant difference between the probability of testing positive at least once and the probability of a recurrence for the betacoronaviruses HKU1 and OC43 at 34 weeks after enrollment/first infection. We also found no significant association between repeat infections and symptom severity, but found strong association between symptom severity and belonging to the same family. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that reinfections with the same endemic coronavirus are not atypical in a time window shorter than 1 year and that the genetic basis of innate immune response may be a greater determinant of infection severity than immune memory acquired after a previous infection.
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Most adults have probably had multiple hCoV exposures, and after an hCoV infection people can become reinfection-susceptible within 12-18 months.
“By adulthood, most individuals are likely to have been exposed multiple times, with longitudinal studies and human challenge studies suggesting that individuals become susceptible to reinfection within 12–18 months after a previous hCoV infection74–78.”
From Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection (2021) · cites this paper as [75]
Other scenarios are plausible: vaccine protection may be brief, or it may prevent severe disease without stopping spread.
“alternative scenarios are also possible in which vaccine efficacy is either short lived or provides protection from severe disease but does not block transmission74–78.”
From Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection (2021) · cites this paper as [75]
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Adaptive immunity to human coronaviruses is widespread but low in magnitude
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Reinfection in COVID-19: A scoping review
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Immunity after COVID-19: Protection or sensitization?
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Not all interventions are equal for the height of the second peak
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The Possibility and Cause of Relapse After Previously Recovering From COVID-19: A Systematic Review
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SecureABC: Secure AntiBody Certificates for COVID-19Preprint
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Vaccination strategies in structured populations under partial immunity and reinfection
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Implications derived from S-protein variants of SARS-CoV-2 from six continents
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Incomplete IgG avidity maturation after seasonal coronavirus infections
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Is innate immunity our best weapon for flattening the curve?
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Atypical Antibody Dynamics During Human Coronavirus HKU1 Infections
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SARS-CoV-2 reactive T cells in uninfected individuals are likely expanded by beta-coronavirusesPreprint
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- Authors
- Galanti, M., & Shaman, J.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Galanti, Marta
- Venue
- The Journal of Infectious Diseases
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2020-07-07
- Volume
- 223
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 409-415
- ISSN
- 0022-1899 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-6613
- PMC
- PMC7454749
- OpenAlex
- W3042062103
- Cited by
- 149
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 33
- FWCI
- 4.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- The Journal of Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (W911NF-16-2-0035)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Respiratory viral infections research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Keywords
- recurrent infections, endemic coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-OC43, NL63, 229E, reinfection, immunological memory, innate immune response, symptom severity, betacoronaviruses, respiratory symptoms
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Humans, Immunity, Innate, New York City, Respiratory Tract Infections, Survival Analysis, Coronavirus, Coronavirus Infections, Endemic Diseases
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