What level of neutralising antibody protects from COVID-19?
Open accessPreprint — published as 10.1038/s41591-021-01377-8 · Paper page
Abstract
Both previous infection and vaccination have been shown to provide potent protection from COVID-19. However, there are concerns that waning immunity and viral variation may lead to a loss of protection over time. Predictive models of immune protection are urgently needed to identify immune correlates of protection to assist in the future deployment of vaccines. To address this, we modelled the relationship between in vitro neutralisation levels and observed protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection using data from seven current vaccines as well as convalescent cohorts. Here we show that neutralisation level is highly predictive of immune protection. The 50% protective neutralisation level was estimated to be approximately 20% of the average convalescent level (95% CI = 14-28%). The estimated neutralisation level required for 50% protection from severe infection was significantly lower (3% of the mean convalescent level (CI = 0.7-13%, p = 0.0004). Given the relationship between in vitro neutralization titer and protection, we then used this to investigate how waning immunity and antigenic variation might affect vaccine efficacy. We found that the decay of neutralising titre in vaccinated subjects over the first 3-4 months after vaccination was at least as rapid as the decay observed in convalescent subjects. Modelling the decay of neutralisation titre over the first 250 days after immunisation predicts a significant loss in protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection will occur, although protection from severe disease should be largely retained. Neutralisation titres against some SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern are reduced compared to the vaccine strain and our model predicts the relationship between neutralisation and efficacy against viral variants. Our analyses provide an evidence-based prediction of SARS-CoV-2 immune protection that will assist in developing vaccine strategies to control the future trajectory of the pandemic.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
There is no evidence that vaccine-induced antibody responses are more durable than convalescent responses.
“There is no evidence that vaccine-induced responses are more durable than convalescent responses (preprint data, not yet peer reviewed)24.”
From Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
Combining the protective titre with antibody decay suggests that neutralization-mediated protection may decline substantially over the first year and be affected by reduced neutralization of antigenic variants.
“Combining data on the protective titre and dynamics of decay of neutralizing antibodies suggest that neutralization-mediated protection may decline substantially over the first year of infection and will also be significantly affected by the reduced neutralization of viral antigenic variants8,24.”
From Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
A neutralizing titre equal to 20% of the average convalescent titre is sufficient for 50% protection from symptomatic COVID-19.
“a neutralizing titre equivalent to 20% of the average convalescent titre is sufficient to provide 50% protection from symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; preprint data, not yet peer reviewed)24.”
From Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
A lower neutralization titre, 3% of the average convalescent titre, is associated with 50% protection from severe COVID-19.
“a lower neutralization titre (3% of the average convalescent antibody titre) was associated with 50% protection from severe COVID-19 (ref.24).”
From Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
Neutralizing antibodies are a strong correlate of vaccine-induced immunity in humans.
“Recent analyses suggest that neutralizing antibodies are a strong correlate of vaccine-induced immunity in humans (preprint data, not yet peer reviewed)24.”
From Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
Individuals with different levels of immunity will suppress virus to a variable extent, and immunity functions to reduce average viral levels across the population.
“individuals with different levels of immunity will suppress the virus to a variable extent (which will also change within the same individual over time as immunity wanes)24, and immunity functions to reduce average viral levels across the population.”
From Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
In the first months, neutralizing and binding antibodies appear to wane at similar rates after vaccination and after infection.
“Initial comparisons of the durability of both neutralizing and binding antibody responses over the first months after vaccination suggest that the early rate of decay of antibody responses is not significantly different after vaccination or infection24,69 (Fig. 1c).”
From Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
Peak neutralizing antibody levels after licensed SARS-CoV-2 vaccination are about half to four times those observed in convalescent individuals.
“the currently licensed vaccines have been shown to produce peak neutralizing antibody responses that range from approximately half to four-times those seen in convalescent patients24,64–67 (preprint data, not yet peer reviewed)68.”
From Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
If a threshold antibody level is needed for protection, then stronger initial responses from vaccination or frequent boosters might keep levels above it for longer than infection does, even with similar decay rates.
“if protection requires maintaining antibody levels above a certain threshold, then higher initial levels of response following vaccination or frequent boosting may succeed in keeping antibody levels above this threshold for longer than after natural infection despite similar rates of antibody decay24.”
From Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
In many people, strong immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection might last under a year, while protection against severe disease could persist longer.
“Current analyses of the rate of decay of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and the comparison with immunity to hCoVs suggest that high-level immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection may last less than a year in many cases but that the duration of protection from severe infection may be more durable24.”
From Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection.
Dan, J. M., Mateus, J., Kato, Y., Hastie, K. M., Yu, E. D., Faliti, C. E., Grifoni, A., Ramirez, S. I., Haupt, S., Frazier, A., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abf4063 · Cited by 2,656 · see citing works
Antibody resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and B.1.1.7
Wang, P., Nair, M. S., Liu, L., Iketani, S., Luo, Y., Guo, Y., Wang, M., Yu, J., Zhang, B., Kwong, P. D., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03398-2 · Cited by 2,312 · see citing works
Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
Sette, A., & Crotty, S. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.007 · Cited by 1,860 · see citing works
Rydyznski Moderbacher, C., Ramirez, S. I., Dan, J. M., Grifoni, A., Hastie, K. M., Weiskopf, D., Belanger, S., Abbott, R. K., Kim, C., Choi, J., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.038 · Cited by 1,790 · see citing works
mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants
Wang, Z., Schmidt, F., Weisblum, Y., Muecksch, F., Barnes, C. O., Finkin, S., Schaefer-Babajew, D., Cipolla, M., Gaebler, C., Lieberman, J. A., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03324-6 · Cited by 1,343 · see citing works
Duration of Humoral Immunity to Common Viral and Vaccine Antigens
Amanna, I. J., Carlson, N. E., & Slifka, M. K. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa066092 · Cited by 1,286 · see citing works
Rogers, T. F., Zhao, F., Huang, D., Beutler, N., Burns, A., He, W.-T., Limbo, O., Smith, C., Song, G., Woehl, J., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abc7520 · Cited by 1,230 · see citing works
Correlates of Protection Against SARS-CoV-2 in Rhesus Macaques
McMahan, K., Yu, J., Mercado, N. B., Loos, C., Tostanoski, L. H., Chandrashekar, A., Liu, J., Peter, L., Atyeo, C., Zhu, A., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03041-6 · Cited by 1,068 · see citing works
Hobson, D., Curry, R. L., Beare, A. S., & Ward-Gardner, A. (1972) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0022172400022610 · Cited by 1,003 · see citing works
Evidence of escape of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.351 from natural and vaccine-induced sera
Zhou, D., Dejnirattisai, W., Supasa, P., Liu, C., Mentzer, A. J., Ginn, H. M., Zhao, Y., Duyvesteyn, H. M. E., Tuekprakhon, A., Nutalai, R., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.037 · Cited by 992 · see citing works
Antibody Status and Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Health Care Workers
Lumley, S. F., O’Donnell, D., Stoesser, N. E., Matthews, P. C., Howarth, A., Hatch, S. B., Marsden, B. D., Cox, S., James, T., Warren, F., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2034545 · Cited by 940 · see citing works
Durability of Responses after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 Vaccination
Widge, A. T., Rouphael, N. G., Jackson, L. A., Anderson, E. J., Roberts, P. C., Makhene, M., Chappell, J. D., Denison, M. R., Stevens, L. J., Pruijssers, A. J., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2032195 · Cited by 722 · see citing works
Functional SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Memory Persists after Mild COVID-19
Rodda, L. B., Netland, J., Shehata, L., Pruner, K. B., Morawski, P. A., Thouvenel, C. D., Takehara, K. K., Eggenberger, J., Hemann, E. A., Waterman, H. R., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.029 · Cited by 647 · see citing works
The time course of the immune response to experimental coronavirus infection of man
Callow, K. A., Parry, H. F., Sergeant, M., & Tyrrell, D. A. J. (1990) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268800048019 · Cited by 598 · see citing works
Looking beyond COVID-19 vaccine phase 3 trials
Kim, J. H., Marks, F., & Clemens, J. D. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01230-y · Cited by 586 · see citing works
Neutralizing Activity of BNT162b2-Elicited Serum
Liu, Y., Liu, J., Xia, H., Zhang, X., Fontes-Garfias, C. R., Swanson, K. A., Cai, H., Sarkar, R., Chen, W., Cutler, M., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2102017 · Cited by 537 · see citing works
Humoral and circulating follicular helper T cell responses in recovered patients with COVID-19
Juno, J. A., Tan, H.-X., Lee, W. S., Reynaldi, A., Kelly, H. G., Wragg, K., Esterbauer, R., Kent, H. E., Batten, C. J., Mordant, F. L., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0995-0 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Self-citationSerum Neutralizing Activity Elicited by mRNA-1273 Vaccine
Wu, K., Werner, A. P., Koch, M., Choi, A., Narayanan, E., Stewart-Jones, G. B. E., Colpitts, T., Bennett, H., Boyoglu-Barnum, S., Shi, W., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2102179 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Antibody to Influenza Virus Neuraminidase: An Independent Correlate of Protection
Monto, A. S., Petrie, J. G., Cross, R. T., et al. (2015) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiv195 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Memoli, M. J., Shaw, P. A., Han, A., Czajkowski, L. M., Reed, S., Athota, R., Bristol, T., Fargis, S., Risos, K., Powers, J. H., et al. (2016) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.00417-16 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Coudeville, L., Bailleux, F., Riche, B., Megas, F., Andre, P., & Écochard, R. (2010) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-10-18 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Evolution of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in mild-moderate COVID-19
Wheatley, A. K., Juno, J. A., Wang, J. J., Selva, K. J., Reynaldi, A., Tan, H.-X., Lee, W. S., Wragg, K. M., Kelly, H. G., Esterbauer, R., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21444-5 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Self-citationBLACK, S. B., Nicolay, U., Vesikari, T., Knuf, M., Giudice, G. D., Cioppa, G. D., Tsai, T. F., Clemens, R. L., & Rappuoli, R. (2011) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0b013e3182367662 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
A Framework for Assessing Immunological Correlates of Protection in Vaccine Trials
Li, Q., Gilbert, P. B., Corey, L., McElrath, M. J., & Self, S. G. (2007) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/522428 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Ferdinands, J. M., Fry, A. M., Reynolds, S. B., Petrie, J. G., Flannery, B. L., Jackson, M. L., & Belongia, E. A. (2016) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciw816 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Heterogeneity and longevity of antibody memory to viruses and vaccines
Antia, A., Ahmed, H., Handel, A., Carlson, N. E., Amanna, I. J., Antia, R., & Slifka, M. (2018) · PLOS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2006601 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Measuring immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection: comparing assays and animal models
Khoury, D. S., Wheatley, A. K., Ramuta, M. D., Reynaldi, A., Cromer, D., Subbarao, K., O’Connor, D. H., Kent, S. J., & Davenport, M. P. (2020) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-00471-1 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationStable neutralizing antibody levels 6 months after mild and severe COVID-19 episodes
Pradenas, E., Trinité, B., Urrea, V., Marfil, S., Ávila‐Nieto, C., de la Concepción, M. L. R., Tarrés-Freixas, F., Pérez-Yanes, S., Rovirosa, C., Ainsua‐Enrich, E., et al. (2021) · Med · doi:10.1016/j.medj.2021.01.005 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
A model for immunological correlates of protection
Dunning, A. J. (2005) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.2282 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Wang, Y. (2021) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.739524179.793585051 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Memoli, M. J., Han, A., Walters, K.-A., Czajkowski, L., Reed, S., Athota, R., Angela Rosas, L., Cervantes-Medina, A., Park, J.-K., Morens, D. M., et al. (2020) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciz281 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Laurie, K., Engelhardt, O. G., Wood, J., et al. (2015) · Clinical and Vaccine Immunology · doi:10.1128/cvi.00278-15 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Cheng, L.-W., Huang, S.-W., Huang, L., et al. (2012) · Journal of Virological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.03.004 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Stable neutralizing antibody levels six months after mild and severe COVID-19 episodePreprint
Pradenas, E., Trinité, B., Urrea, V., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.11.22.389056 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Regeneron Reports Positive Interim Data with REGEN-COV™ Antibody Cocktail used as Passive Vaccine to Prevent COVID-19. (Regeneron Press release January 26 2021). https://newsroom.regeneron.com/news-releases/news-release- details/regeneron-reports-positive-interim-data-regen-covtm-antibody. (2021). 405
- Bharat Biotech Announces Phase 3 Results of COVAXIN®: India's First COVID-19 Vaccine Demonstrates Interim Clinical Efficacy of 81%. (Bharatbiotech Press release 415 3 March 2021) https://www.bharatbiotech.com/press_releases.html. (2021).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kustin, T., Harel, N., Finkel, U., Perchik, S., Harari, S., Tahor, M., Caspi, I., Levy, R., Leshchinsky, M., Ken Dror, S., et al. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01413-7 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Immunogenicity of standard and extended dosing intervals of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine
Payne, R. P., Longet, S., Austin, J. A., Skelly, D. T., Dejnirattisai, W., Adele, S., Meardon, N., Faustini, S., Al-Taei, S., Moore, S. C., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.10.011 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
“We currently lack clear correlates of protection against SARS-CoV-2, although recent attempts to compare vaccines have given some indication of binding and neutralizing antibody measures that accompany efficacy (Earle et al., 2021; Feng et al., 2021; Khoury et al., 2021).”
A Comprehensive Review of the Global Efforts on COVID-19 Vaccine Development
Li, Y., Tenchov, R., Smoot, J., Liu, C., Watkins, S., & Zhou, Q. A. (2021) · ACS Central Science · doi:10.1021/acscentsci.1c00120 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection
Cromer, D., Juno, J. A., Khoury, D., Reynaldi, A., Wheatley, A. K., Kent, S. J., & Davenport, M. P. (2021) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00550-x · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Self-citationHaque, A., & Pant, A. B. (2022) · Journal of Autoimmunity · doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102792 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Singh, A. K., Phatak, S., Singh, R., Bhattacharjee, K., Singh, N. K., Gupta, A., & Sharma, A. K. (2021) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.09.055 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Neutralizing activity of Sputnik V vaccine sera against SARS-CoV-2 variants
Ikegame, S., Siddiquey, M. N. A., Hung, C.-T., Haas, G. D., Brambilla, L., Oguntuyo, K. Y., Kowdle, S., Chiu, H.-P., Stevens, C. S., Vilardo, A. E., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24909-9 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Maeda, K., Amano, M., Uemura, Y., Tsuchiya, K., Matsushima, T., Noda, K., Shimizu, Y., Fujiwara, A., Takamatsu, Y., Ichikawa, Y., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-01930-y · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Overview of Neutralizing Antibodies and Their Potential in COVID-19
Morales‐Núñez, J. J., Muñóz-Valle, J. F., Torres-Hernández, P. C., & Hernández‐Bello, J. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9121376 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
COVID-19 vaccines: concerns beyond protective efficacy and safety
Lai, C., Chen, I., Chao, C., Lee, P., Ko, W., & Hsueh, P. (2021) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2021.1949293 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Morales‐Núñez, J. J., Muñóz-Valle, J. F., Meza-López, C., Wang, L., Machado-Sulbarán, A. C., Torres-Hernández, P. C., Bedolla‐Barajas, M., la O-Gómez, B. D., Balcázar-Félix, P., & Hernández‐Bello, J. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9070742 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Neutralizing activity of Sputnik V vaccine sera against SARS-CoV-2 variantsPreprint
Ikegame, S., Siddiquey, M. N. A., Hung, C.-T., Haas, G. D., Brambilla, L., Oguntuyo, K. Y., Kowdle, S., Vilardo, A. E., Edelstein, A., Perandones, C., et al. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-400230/v1 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“The six COVID-19 vaccines currently in use around the world employ different strategies, and do not all incorporate the two proline substitutions that “lock” S into the pre-fusion conformer.”
InfluentialA point-of-care lateral flow assay for neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2
Fulford, T. S., Văn, H. T., Gherardin, N. A., Zheng, S., Ciula, M., Drummer, H. E., Redmond, S. J., Tan, H., Boo, I., Li, F., et al. (2021) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103729 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationBetton, M., Livrozet, M., Planas, D., Fayol, A., Monel, B., Vedie, B., Bruel, T., Tartour, E., Robillard, N., Manuguerra, J., et al. (2021) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciab308 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Interestingly, a recent model predicted a relationship between neutralizing levels and immune protection against the ancestral strain and novel variants, as well as a protection against severe disease[29].”
BackgroundShroff, R., Chalasani, P., Wei, R., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.05.13.21257129 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Yet protective immune correlates of antibodies and memory B and T cells remain to be quantitatively defined 18 .”
Karuna, S., Li, S. S., Grant, S., Walsh, S., Frank, I., Casapia, M., Trahey, M., Hyrien, O., Fisher, L., Miner, M. D., et al. (2021) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003868 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Payne, R., Longet, S., Austin, J. A., Skelly, D., Dejnirattisai, W., Adele, S., Meardon, N., Faustini, S. E., Al‐Taei, S., Moore, S. C., et al. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3891065 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“…correlates of protection against SARS-CoV-2, although recent attempts to compare vaccines have given some indication of the average binding and neutralizing antibody measures which accompany the efficacy of different vaccine approaches (Earle et al., 2021; Feng et al., 2021; Khoury et al., 2021).”
BackgroundSingh, A., Phatak, S., Singh, N. K., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.04.07.21255078 · Cited by 18
Morales‐Núñez, J. J., Muñóz-Valle, J. F., Machado-Sulbarán, A. C., Díaz-Pérez, S. A., Torres-Hernández, P. C., Espinoza, B. V. P., de Leon, J. A. G.-D., Munguía-Ramirez, C. D., & Hernández‐Bello, J. (2022) · Immunology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2022.10.002 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Phillips, E., Adele, S., Malone, T., Deeks, A. S., Stafford, L., Dobson, S. L., Amini, A., Skelly, D., Eyre, D. W., Jeffery, K. J., et al. (2022) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1093/cei/uxac042 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Serum for antibody assays is relatively easy to collect and store, binding antibodies can be measured at scale by automated platforms, and correlations with protection at a population level have been observed for binding [4] and neutralising antibodies [5-8].”
BackgroundSingh, A., De, A., Singh, M. P., Rathi, S., Verma, N., Premkumar, M., Taneja, S., Duseja, A. K., & Singh, V. (2022) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-022-07641-2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“However, the exact level of protective antibodies remains largely unknown [33, 34].”
BackgroundDarbandi, A., Koupaei, M., Kiani, P., Ghanavati, R., Najafi, P., Hosseini, J., Shokouhamiri, M. R., Parsapour, R., & Asadi, A. (2024) · Immunity Inflammation and Disease · doi:10.1002/iid3.70076 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Chalkias, S., Schwartz, H., Nestorova, B., Feng, J., Chang, Y., Zhou, H., Dutko, F. J., Edwards, D. K., Montefiori, D. C., Pajón, R., et al. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.03.04.22271830 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Ethnicity Hispanic or Latino 66 (22) 58 (23) 183 (31) Not Hispanic or Latino 237 (78) 197 (77) 398 (68) Not reported or unknown 2 (1) 2 (1) 3 (1)”
BackgroundInfluentialSARS-CoV-2 Portrayed against HIV: Contrary Viral Strategies in Similar Disguise
Duerr, R., Crosse, K. M., Valero-Jimenez, A. M., & Dittmann, M. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9071389 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Available potent vaccines at optimal dosing can induce multiple times higher nAb titers than convalescent sera [293,298-300] and might thus have a broader window to compensate for partial Ab escape.”
BackgroundShim, H. W., Shin, J. H., Shin, S. C., Lee, H. J., So, K. S., Lee, S. Y., Jun, J. W., Seo, J. K., Lee, H. S., Lee, S. Y., et al. (2022) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics12081924 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Cvetković-Vega, A., Urrunaga‐Pastor, D., Soto-Becerra, P., Figueroa-Montes, L. E., Bolívar, L. F., Alvizuri-Pastor, S. E., Oyanguren-Miranda, M., Vera, I. M. N., Carrillo-Ramos, E., Soto, A. A. I. S., et al. (2022) · Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease · doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102514 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Bar‐On, Y. M., Noor, Ε., Gottlieb, N., Sigal, A., & Milo, R. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.06.06.21258429 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Sridhar, S., Joaquin, A. M., Bonaparte, M., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.10.08.21264302 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The lower responses to the Beta variant seen in this study, consistent with recent data from other authorised or investigational COVID vaccines,(36-39) suggest NAb titres and predicted vaccine efficacy against heterologous variants are likely to be lower.(35) All rights reserved.”
ResultKayalı, G. A., Durmaz, S., Şahin, İ. N., Akkul, B., Durusoy, R., Akarca, F. K., Ulukaya, S., & Çiçek, C. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11071258 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
James‐Pemberton, P. H., Helliwell, M. W., Olkhov, R. V., et al. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.07.12.22277539 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
al Jalali, V., Scherzer, S., & Zeitlinger, M. (2021) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.06.022 · Cited by 2
Hutchinson, G. B., Abiona, O., Ziwawo, C. T., et al. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2199814/v1 · Cited by 1
A practical approach to SARS-CoV-2 testing in a pre and post-vaccination era
Taylor, S. C. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Virology Plus · doi:10.1016/j.jcvp.2021.100044 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gobeil, P., Pillet, S., Boulay, I., Charland, N., Lorin, A., Cheng, M. P., Vinh, D. C., Boutet, P., der Most, R. G. V., Roman, F. P., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.08.04.21261507 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Population science with individual-level data make for better policies
Bar-Zeev, N., & Shet, A. (2021) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(21)00236-8 · Cited by 1
“9 Given these observations, and given that even low titres of neutralising antibodies might suffice for protection against severe disease, 10 it might be tempting to discount Lustig and colleagues’ findings 2 of lower immunogenicity in high-risk groups.”
SARS-CoV-2: Comparison of Active Immunity Acquired by Natural Exposure versus Inoculation of HCW
Shah, S., Chawla, R., & Mehta, A. (2021) · doi:10.52403/gijhsr.20210408 · Cited by 1
“[10] We have a medium vaccine-supply and this can be augmented by redirecting the second dose from COVID-survivors to COVID-naïve individuals based on antibody -titre of COVID-survivors so that vaccination focus can shift to younger adults and children in”
BackgroundNeutralising antibodies and protection from progression to severe COVID-19: A meta-analysis
Elias, K. M., Mitchell, A., Stadler, E., Schlub, T. E., Khan, S. R., Xue, C., Kent, S. J., Cromer, D., Davenport, M. P., & Khoury, D. S. (2026) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1005230
“To assess whether the relationship between neutralisation and vaccine protection against progression found here is consistent with prior work, we compared it with the relationship predicted from an analysis of randomised controlled trials of COVID-19 vaccines (in March 2021) [3,43].”
Self-citationJames‐Pemberton, P. H., Kohli, S., Westlake, A. C., Antill, A., Hunt, J., Olkhov, R. V., & Shaw, A. M. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.01.11.23284431
Akhter, N., Mollah, F. H., Jahan, N., Adam, J., Hossain, M. A., & Chowdhury, M. Z. (2022) · Update Dental College Journal · doi:10.3329/updcj.v12i2.59770
Rahmatika, F. N., Suryaningsih, I., Chumairoh, N., et al. (2022) · KnE Medicine · doi:10.18502/kme.v2i3.11898
Kusztor, A., Alemany-González, M., Tsuchiya, N., & Koizumi, A. (2022) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.111280.1
- Authors
- Khoury, D. S., Cromer, D., Reynaldi, A., Schlub, T. E., Wheatley, A. K., Juno, J. A., Subbarao, K., Kent, S. J., Triccas, J. A., & Davenport, M. P.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Australian Research Council (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Triccas, James A
- Davenport, Miles P
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Medicine
- Publisher
- openRxiv
- Published
- 2021-03-11
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1205-1211
- ISSN
- 1078-8956 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3163785571
- Cited by
- 3,742
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 171 · 2025: 304 · 2024: 431 · 2023: 776 · 2022: 1433 · 2021: 621 · 2020: 3 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 259.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Medicine (publishedVersion)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The Sydney eScholarship Repository (The University of Sydney) (submittedVersion)
- UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- UNSWorks (UNSW Sydney) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Australian Government
- Fast Grants
- Department of Health and Aged Care, Australian Government (MRF2005544)
- State Government of Victoria
- National Health and Medical Research Council (1149990, GNT2002073, 1173027, 1173528, 1123673, 1153493)
- Medical Research Future Fund
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 vaccines, neutralizing antibodies, immunoprotection, correlates of protection, neutralization titers, convalescent sera, vaccine efficacy, waning immunity, variants of concern
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, Antibodies, Viral, Humans, Severity of Illness Index, Logistic Models, Antibodies, Neutralizing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
