The DOI matches its Crossref record; 118 of the 118 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Hypertension, the renin–angiotensin system, and the risk of lower respiratory tract infections and lung injury: implications for COVID-19
Open accessAbstract
Systemic arterial hypertension (referred to as hypertension herein) is a major risk factor of mortality worldwide, and its importance is further emphasized in the context of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection referred to as COVID-19. Patients with severe COVID-19 infections commonly are older and have a history of hypertension. Almost 75% of patients who have died in the pandemic in Italy had hypertension. This raised multiple questions regarding a more severe course of COVID-19 in relation to hypertension itself as well as its treatment with renin–angiotensin system (RAS) blockers, e.g. angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). We provide a critical review on the relationship of hypertension, RAS, and risk of lung injury. We demonstrate lack of sound evidence that hypertension per se is an independent risk factor for COVID-19. Interestingly, ACEIs and ARBs may be associated with lower incidence and/or improved outcome in patients with lower respiratory tract infections. We also review in detail the molecular mechanisms linking the RAS to lung damage and the potential clinical impact of treatment with RAS blockers in patients with COVID-19 and a high cardiovascular and renal risk. This is related to the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells, and expression of ACE2 in the lung, cardiovascular system, kidney, and other tissues. In summary, a critical review of available evidence does not support a deleterious effect of RAS blockers in COVID-19 infections. Therefore, there is currently no reason to discontinue RAS blockers in stable patients facing the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Cited by
Mancia, G., Kreutz, R., Brunström, M., Burnier, M., Grassi, G., Januszewicz, A., Muiesan, M. L., Tsioufis, K., Agabiti-Rosei, E., Algharably, E. A. E., et al. (2023) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000003480 · Cited by 3,473
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The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Postmenopausal Women: The Promise of Hormone Therapy
Gersh, F. L., O’Keefe, J. H., Lavie, C. J., & Henry, B. M. (2021) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.08.009 · Cited by 57
Caldeira, D., Alves, M., Gouveia e Melo, R., Silvério António, P., Cunha, N., Nunes-Ferreira, A., Prada, L., Costa, J., & Pinto, F. J. (2020) · IJC Heart & Vasculature · doi:10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100627 · Cited by 35
“Given that the suspension of ACEI or ARBs can lead to decompensation of the underlying pathologies and there were no robust studies to corroborate the aforementioned hypothesis (data from only small preclinical studies), this led to some of the main scientific societies such as the American Heart Association, the Amer…”
Metadata
- Authors
- Kreutz, R., Algharably, E. A. E.-H., Azizi, M., Dobrowolski, P., Guzik, T., Januszewicz, A., Persu, A., Prejbisz, A., Riemer, T. G., Wang, J.-G., & Burnier, M.
- Venue
- Cardiovascular Research
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2020-04-15
- Volume
- 116
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1688-1699
- ISSN
- 0008-6363 (ISSN-L)
- 1755-3245
- OpenAlex
- W3016259848
- Cited by
- 357
- References
- 118
- FWCI
- 9.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
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- Kreutz, R., Algharably, E. A. E.-H., Azizi, M., Dobrowolski, P., Guzik, T., Januszewicz, A., Persu, A., Prejbisz, A., Riemer, T. G., Wang, J.-G., & Burnier, M. (2020). Hypertension, the renin–angiotensin system, and the risk of lower respiratory tract infections and lung injury: implications for COVID-19. Cardiovascular Research. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvaa097
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
