The triumvirate: why hypertension, obesity, and diabetes are risk factors for adverse effects in patients with COVID-19
Open accessAbstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a pandemic. The cellular receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry is the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, a membrane-bound homolog of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Henceforth, this has brought the attention of the scientific community to study the interaction between COVID-19 and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), as well as RAS inhibitors. However, these inhibitors are commonly used to treat hypertension, chronic kidney disorder, and diabetes. Obesity is a known risk factor for heart disease, diabetes, and hypertension, whereas diabetes and hypertension may be indirectly related to each other through the effects of obesity. Furthermore, people with hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and other related complications like cardiovascular and kidney diseases have a higher risk of severe COVID-19 infection than the general population and usually exhibit poor prognosis. This severity could be due to systemic inflammation and compromised immune response and RAS associated with these comorbid conditions. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop evidence-based treatment methods that do not affect the severity of COVID-19 infection and effectively manage these chronic diseases in people with COVID-19.
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COVID-19 caused especially high morbidity and mortality among people with comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes, kidney disease, and heart disease.
“COVID-19 has imposed especially high morbidity and mortality burdens on people with comorbid conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, kidney disease, and heart disease.”
From The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [390]
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Socio-cultural Correlates of the COVID-19 Outcomes
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A Potential Role of the CD47/SIRPalpha Axis in COVID-19 Pathogenesis
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Diabetes, COVID‐19, and questions unsolved
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Potential Effects of Hyperglycemia on SARS-CoV-2 Entry Mechanisms in Pancreatic Beta Cells
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Health behaviors and the risk of COVID-19 incidence: A Bayesian hierarchical spatial analysis
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Coexistence of Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension
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Association of hypertension and diabetes with COVID-19 severity in comparison to healthy patients
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Overview of the cardio-metabolic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
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SARS-COV-2 infection outcomes in patients with congenital generalized lipodystrophy
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Pathological Effects of SARS-CoV-19 Associated With Hematological AbnormalitiesPreprint
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The vicious cycle: a history of obesity and COVID-19
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Studying the Effect of COVID-19 on Liver Enzymes and Lipid Profile in Iraqi Recovering Patients
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Weight loss treatment for COVID-19 in patients with NCDs: a pilot prospective clinical trial
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Unimed Recife's experience in treating 1,039 patients with Covid-19
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CD47 as a potential biomarker for the early diagnosis of severe COVID-19Preprint
McLaughlin, K.-M., Bojková, D., Bechtel, M., Kandler, J. D., Reus, P., Le, T. T., Wagner, J. U. G., Ciesek, S., Wass, M. N., Michaelis, M., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.03.01.433404 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Experiência da Unimed Recife no tratamento de 1.039 pacientes com Covid-19
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Infection and obesity: Two sides of the same coin
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Epidemiology of Covid-19Preprint
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Covid-19, Carnosine and Cognition
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To determine the effect of healthcare policy implementation on the COVID-19 pandemic.
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MANIFESTASI KLINIS DAN LUARAN INFEKSI COVID-19 DENGAN DIABETES MELLITUS
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- Authors
- Shah, H., Khan, M. S. H., Dhurandhar, N. V., & Hegde, V.
- Affiliations
- Texas Tech University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hegde, Vijay
- Venue
- Acta Diabetologica
- Published
- 2021-02-15
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 831-843
- ISSN
- 0940-5429 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-5233
- PMC
- PMC7882857
- OpenAlex
- W3129288233
- Cited by
- 80
- References
- 152
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 24
- FWCI
- 2.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Acta Diabetologica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Renin-Angiotensin System Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, comorbidities, renin-angiotensin system, renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, ACE2 receptor, disease severity, systemic inflammation, immune response, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, Antihypertensive Agents, Diabetes Mellitus, Heart Diseases, Humans, Hypertension, Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A, Obesity, Renin-Angiotensin System, Risk Factors, Comorbidity, Disease Progression, Diabetes Complications, Pandemics
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