Cited by 80COVID-19 Clinical Research StudiesRenin-Angiotensin System StudiesSARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research

The triumvirate: why hypertension, obesity, and diabetes are risk factors for adverse effects in patients with COVID-19

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Shah, Harsh, Khan, Md Shahjalal Hossain, Dhurandhar, Nikhil V., Hegde, Vijay·2021·Acta Diabetologica

Abstract

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a pandemic. The cellular receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry is the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, a membrane-bound homolog of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Henceforth, this has brought the attention of the scientific community to study the interaction between COVID-19 and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), as well as RAS inhibitors. However, these inhibitors are commonly used to treat hypertension, chronic kidney disorder, and diabetes. Obesity is a known risk factor for heart disease, diabetes, and hypertension, whereas diabetes and hypertension may be indirectly related to each other through the effects of obesity. Furthermore, people with hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and other related complications like cardiovascular and kidney diseases have a higher risk of severe COVID-19 infection than the general population and usually exhibit poor prognosis. This severity could be due to systemic inflammation and compromised immune response and RAS associated with these comorbid conditions. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop evidence-based treatment methods that do not affect the severity of COVID-19 infection and effectively manage these chronic diseases in people with COVID-19.

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  • COVID-19 caused especially high morbidity and mortality among people with comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes, kidney disease, and heart disease.

    “COVID-19 has imposed especially high morbidity and mortality burdens on people with comorbid conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, kidney disease, and heart disease.”

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Authors
Shah, H., Khan, M. S. H., Dhurandhar, N. V., & Hegde, V.
Affiliations
Texas Tech University (US)
Corresponding author
Hegde, Vijay
Venue
Acta Diabetologica
Published
2021-02-15
Volume
58
Issue
7
Pages
831-843
ISSN
  • 0940-5429 (ISSN-L)
  • 1432-5233
OpenAlex
W3129288233
Cited by
80
References
152
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 24
FWCI
2.02
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Acta Diabetologica (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Renin-Angiotensin System Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Keywords
COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, comorbidities, renin-angiotensin system, renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, ACE2 receptor, disease severity, systemic inflammation, immune response, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease
MeSH terms
COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, Antihypertensive Agents, Diabetes Mellitus, Heart Diseases, Humans, Hypertension, Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A, Obesity, Renin-Angiotensin System, Risk Factors, Comorbidity, Disease Progression, Diabetes Complications, Pandemics

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