A leucine-rich nuclear export signal in the p53 tetramerization domain: regulation of subcellular localization and p53 activity by NES masking
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Appropriate subcellular localization is crucial for regulating p53 function. We show that p53 export is mediated by a highly conserved leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES) located in its tetramerization domain. Mutation of NES residues prevented p53 export and hampered tetramer formation. Although the p53-binding protein MDM2 has an NES and has been proposed to mediate p53 export, we show that the intrinsic p53 NES is both necessary and sufficient for export. This report also demonstrates that the cytoplasmic localization of p53 in neuroblastoma cells is due to its hyperactive nuclear export: p53 in these cells can be trapped in the nucleus by the export-inhibiting drug leptomycin B or by binding a p53-tetramerization domain peptide that masks the NES. We propose a model in which regulated p53 tetramerization occludes its NES, thereby ensuring nuclear retention of the DNA-binding form. We suggest that attenuation of p53 function involves the conversion of tetramers into monomers or dimers, in which the NES is exposed to the proteins which mediate their export to the cytoplasm.
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p53 activation can be enhanced by reduced nuclear export and increased nuclear import.
“Conversely, p53 activation can be enhanced by reduced nuclear export and increased nuclear import [6,7].”
From The p53 orchestra: Mdm2 and Mdmx set the tone (2010) · cites this paper as [6]
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- Authors
- Stommel, J. M., Marchenko, N. D., Jimenez, G. S., Moll, U. M., Hope, T. J., & Wahl, G. M.
- Affiliations
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies (US)
- Stony Brook University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wahl, Geoffrey M.
- Venue
- The EMBO Journal
- Published
- 1999-03-15
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1660-1672
- ISSN
- 0261-4189 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2075
- PMC
- PMC1171253
- OpenAlex
- W2114261502
- Cited by
- 738
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 24.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The EMBO Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (7r01ai035477-08)
- National Cancer Institute (CA61449, R01CA061449, CA606644)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI 35477)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer-related Molecular Pathways
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nuclear Structure and Function
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Heat shock proteins research
- Keywords
- p53, nuclear export signal, tetramerization domain, subcellular localization, MDM2, leptomycin B, neuroblastoma cells, nuclear retention
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Cattle, HeLa Cells, Humans, Leucine, Models, Molecular, Neuroblastoma, Rabbits, Recombinant Proteins, Osteosarcoma, Subcellular Fractions, Transfection, Tumor Cells, Cultured, Xenopus, Zebrafish, Signal Transduction, Tumor Suppressor Protein p53, Mutagenesis, Site-Directed, Sequence Alignment, 3T3 Cells, Conserved Sequence, Protein Structure, Secondary, Macromolecular Substances, Mice
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