Cited by 467Workplace Health and Well-beingOccupational Health and BurnoutEmployment and Welfare Studies

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The Relation between Work-related Psychosocial Factors and the Development of Depression

Netterstrom, B., Conrad, N., Bech, P., Fink, P., Olsen, O., Rugulies, R., Stansfeld, S.·2008·Epidemiologic Reviews

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Abstract

This review is based on a literature search made in January 2007 on request by the Danish National Board of Industrial Injuries. The search in PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycINFO resulted in more than 1,000 publications. This was reduced to 14 after the titles, abstracts, and papers were evaluated by using the following criteria: 1) a longitudinal study, 2) exposure to work-related psychosocial factors, 3) the outcome a measure of depression, 4) relevant statistical estimates, and 5) nonduplicated publication. Of the 14 studies, seven used standardized diagnostic instruments as measures of depression, whereas the other seven studies used self-administered questionnaires. The authors found moderate evidence for a relation between the psychological demands of the job and the development of depression, with relative risks of approximately 2.0. However, indication of publication bias weakens the evidence. Social support at work was associated with a decrease in risk for future depression, as all four studies dealing with this exposure showed associations with relative risks of about 0.6. Even if this literature study has identified work-related psychosocial factors that in high-quality epidemiologic studies predict depression, studies are still needed that assess in more detail the duration and intensity of exposure necessary for developing depression.

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Kim, B., Kim, M., & Lee, J. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06953-y · Cited by 18
“Thus, the extent to which servant leadership can alleviate job stress may directly influence the degree of depression experienced by employees (Fox et al., 2022; Galanakis & Tsitouri, 2022; Guthier et al., 2020; Netterstrøm et al., 2008; Stansfeld & Candy, 2006; Van der Molen et al., 2020).”
Multicohort study of change in job strain, poor mental health and incident cardiometabolic disease
Hanson, L. L. M., Rod, N. H., Vahtera, J., Peristera, P., Pentti, J., Rugulies, R., Madsen, I. E. H., LaMontagne, A. D., Milner, A. J., Lange, T., et al. (2019) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2018-105595 · Cited by 17
Self-citation
Depressive symptoms in women working in a poultry-processing plant: A longitudinal analysis
Horton, R. A., & Lipscomb, H. J. (2011) · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · doi:10.1002/ajim.20991 · Cited by 15
“…et al., 2005; Rugulies et al., 2006; Shields, 2006; Stansfeld and Candy, 2006; Ahola and Hakanen, 2007; Clays et al., 2007; Plaisier et al., 2007; Virtanen et al., 2007; Bonde, 2008; Netterstrom et al., 2008; Siegrist, 2008; Magnusson Hanson et al., 2009; DeSanto Iennaco et al., 2010].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Psychosocial work environment among immigrant and Danish cleaners
Olesen, K., Carneiro, I. G., Jørgensen, M. B., Flyvholm, M., Rugulies, R., Rasmussen, C. D. N., Søgaard, K., & Holtermann, A. (2011) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-011-0642-7 · Cited by 15
“Poor psychosocial work environment predicted the risk of impaired health in numerous studies (Allesøe et al. 2010; da Costa and Vieira 2010; Stansfeld and Candy 2006; Netterstrøm et al. 2008; Clausen et al. 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
An assessment of employer liability for workplace stress
Lockwood, G., Henderson, C., & Stansfeld, S. A. (2017) · International Journal of Law and Management · doi:10.1108/ijlma-10-2015-0053 · Cited by 17
Self-citation
Alter, Berufsgruppen und psychisches Wohlbefinden
Thielen, K., & Kroll, L. E. (2013) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-012-1618-9 · Cited by 15
Relationship between organizational justice and psychological distress among hospital nurses
Ito, Y., Nakamura, S., & Kimura, R. (2015) · Kitasato medical journal · Cited by 15
US Workers’ Self-Reported Mental Health Outcomes by Industry and Occupation
Sussell, A. L., Yeoman, K., Nixon, C. T., Scott, K. A., Robinson, T. S., & Poplin, G. S. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.14212 · Cited by 14
Psychosocial factors at work and perceived health among agricultural meat industry workers in France
Cohidon, C., Morisseau, P., Derriennic, F., Goldberg, M., & Imbernon, E. (2009) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-009-0430-9 · Cited by 14
“The recent epidemiological review by Netterstrom suggests, as in our study, a less consistent link with low decisional latitude (but not with social support) ( Netterstrom et al. 2008 ).”
Changes in the association between job decision latitude and work engagement at different levels of work experience: A 10-year longitudinal study
Heinrichs, K., Angerer, P., Li, J., Loerbroks, A., Weigl, M., & Müller, A. (2019) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2019.1577310 · Cited by 14
“The positive main effects of JDL on employees’ well-being are well documented (Bonde, 2008; Netterstrom et al., 2008; Theorell et al., 2015).”
Background
Effets des facteurs psychosociaux au travail sur la santé mentale. Une revue de littérature des études prospectives portant sur trois modèles émergents
Ndjaboué, R., Vézina, M., & Brisson, C. (2012) · Travail et emploi · doi:10.4000/travailemploi.5515 · Cited by 18
Antidepressant use and associations with psychosocial work characteristics. A comparative study of Swedish and Danish gainfully employed
Hanson, L. L. M., Madsen, I. E. H., Westerlund, H., Theorell, T., Burr, H., & Rugulies, R. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.023 · Cited by 14
“clear evidence regarding psychosocial working conditions is lacking and there are few high-quality studies on other measures than the demand-control-support model (Netterstrom et al., 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Psychosocial and Biological Indicators in the Evaluation of and Intervention in Mental Health Problems at Work
Marchand, A., & Durand, P. (2011) · A Nudge Too Far? A Nudge at All? On Paying People to Be Healthy · doi:10.12927/hcpap.2011.22407 · Cited by 15
“…is important to note, however, that while the components of Karasek and Siegrist models are well supported empirically, recent reviews of longitudinal studies concluded that the interactive hypotheses of these models are inconclusive (Bonde 2008; Netterstrøm et al. 2008; Stansfeld and Candy 2006).”
BackgroundResult
Effort-Reward Imbalance at Work and Risk of Long-Term Sickness Absence in the Danish Workforce
Nielsen, M. B. D., Madsen, I. E. H., Bültmann, U., Aust, B., Burr, H., & Rugulies, R. (2013) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0b013e31827dba5b · Cited by 14
Self-citation
Gendered Working Environments as a Determinant of Mental Health Inequalities: A Protocol for a Systematic Review
Milner, A. J., Scovelle, A. J., King, T. L., Marck, C. H., McAllister, A., Kavanagh, A. M., Shields, M., Török, E., & O'Neil, A. E. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16071169 · Cited by 14
Effort-reward imbalance at work and the risk of antidepressant treatment in the Danish workforce
Nielsen, M. B. D., Madsen, I. E. H., Aust, B., Burr, H., & Rugulies, R. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.02.038 · Cited by 13
Self-citation
Toward a better understanding of the health impairment process. Types of demand and burnout component matter
Baka, Ł., Prusik, M., & Jasielska, D. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1037053 · Cited by 18
“Particularly noteworthy are the prospective studies, with a gap of no <1 year between the first and final measurements, conducted on large sample sizes (6, 8, 12).”
Background
Concurrent and lagged effects of psychosocial job stressors on symptoms of burnout
Hadžibajramović, E., Ahlborg, G., & Grimby‐Ekman, A. (2019) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-019-01437-0 · Cited by 16
“2010), depressive disorders or clinical depression (Madsen et al. 2017; Netterstrom et al. 2008; Rugulies et al. 2017; Theorell et al. 2015) and common mental disorders (Harvey et al.”
Associations between cognitive and affective job insecurity and incident purchase of psychotropic drugs: A prospective cohort study of Swedish employees
Blomqvist, S., Xu, T., Peristera, P., Låstad, L., & Hanson, L. L. M. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.078 · Cited by 12
“However, evidence on the impact of job insecurity on mental health and sleep problems has repeatedly been reported as limited or insufficient (Aronsson et al., 2017; Bonde, 2008; Harvey et al., 2017; Linton et al., 2015; Netterstrom et al., 2008; Nieuwenhuijsen et al., 2010; Theorell et al., 2015).”
Background
Post-traumatic stress reactions and doctor-certified sick leave after a workplace terrorist attack: Norwegian cohort study
Dale, M. T. G., Nissen, A., Berthelsen, M., & Heir, T. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032693 · Cited by 16
Depression symptoms mediate the association between workplace stress and interleukin 6 in women, but not men: The Whitehall II study
Piantella, S., Dragano, N., McDonald, S. J., & Wright, B. J. (2021) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100215 · Cited by 13
Explanations for Education Gradients in Depression
Lee, J., & Smith, J. P. (2011) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027511409440 · Cited by 13
“Previous literature suggests several groups of risk factors that we control among respondents (Carney et al. 2003; Institute of Medicine 2000; Kendler, Gardner, and Prescott 2002; Li, Seltzer, and Greenberg 1997; Michael et al. 2001; Netterstrom et al. 2008; Oxman and Hull 2001): income and assets, work status and job…”
Background
Are social conflicts at work associated with depressive symptomatology? Results from the population-based LIFE-Adult-Study
Zuelke, A. E., Röhr, S., Schroeter, M. L., Witte, A. V., Hinz, A., Engel, C., Enzenbach, C., Thiery, J., Loeffler, M., Villringer, A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology · doi:10.1186/s12995-020-0253-x · Cited by 14
“pression [2, 7, 11] and depressive symptoms [6] in people”
Background
Objective Work-Related Factors, Job Satisfaction and Depression: An Empirical Study among Internal Migrants in China
Zhang, N., & Chai, D. (2020) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare8020163 · Cited by 12
“Previous studies showed that work-related factors such as firm size [17], working hours [18,19], occupational grade [20], working environment and work stress [21], social relations at work [15,22], protection at work [16], psychological demands [23], and job satisfaction [24] are all significantly associated with depr…”
Background
Psychological distress and its associations with psychosocial work environment factors in four professional groups: A cross‐sectional study
Bonsaksen, T., Nerdrum, P., & Geirdal, A. Ø. (2021) · Nursing and Health Sciences · doi:10.1111/nhs.12856 · Cited by 12
“These findings appear logical and are generally consistent with previous research (Häusser et al., 2010; Netterstrøm et al., 2008; Nieuwenhuijsen et al., 2010).”
Result
Do psychosocial working conditions modify the effect of depressive symptoms on long‐term sickness absence?
Hjarsbech, P. U., Christensen, K. B., Andersen, R. V., Borg, V., Aust, B., & Rugulies, R. (2013) · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · doi:10.1002/ajim.22230 · Cited by 12
Self-citation
Is the association between high strain work and depressive symptoms modified by private life social support: a cohort study of 1,074 Danish employees?
Madsen, I. E. H., Jørgensen, A. F. B., Borritz, M., Nielsen, M. L., & Rugulies, R. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-698 · Cited by 12
“Numerous studies have examined the associations between high strain work and depression and at least three systematic reviews have found that there is good evidence of a prospective relation [6-8].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Berufliche Gratifikationskrisen und depressive Störungen
Siegrist, J. (2010) · Psychotherapeut · doi:10.1007/s00278-010-0793-0 · Cited by 12
The Unilever Study: Positive Effects on Stress and Risk for Dropout from Work after the Finding Peace in a Frantic World Training
de Bruin, E. I., van der Meulen, R. T., de Wandeler, J., Zijlstra, B. J. H., Formsma, A. R., & Bögels, S. M. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1029-6 · Cited by 11
Anger, personality traits and psychopathological symptoms in subjects exposed to negative interpersonal actions in workplaces: an observational study in a large sample attending a Center for Occupational Stress
Forresi, B., Michelini, G., Sapuppo, W., Costa, G., Castellini, G., Livellara, S., & Grgič, R. G. (2022) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-022-01868-2 · Cited by 11
Pilot study of a randomised trial of a guided e-learning health promotion intervention for managers based on management standards for the improvement of employee well-being and reduction of sickness absence: the GEM (Guided E-learning for Managers) study
Stansfeld, S. A., Berney, L., Bhui, K. S., Chandola, T., Costelloe, C., Hounsome, N., Kerry, S., Lanz, D., & Russell, J. (2015) · Public Health Research · doi:10.3310/phr03090 · Cited by 11
“Employees with short-term absence only 20 (27) 74 (23) 24 (14 to 31) Employees with absence of 7–21 days 2 (3) 22 (7) 6 (3 to 8) Employees with absence of > 21 days 5 (7) 18 (6) 6 (1 to 9) Absence for psychological reason 4 (5) 19 (6) 6 (5 to 8) No.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Organizational-Level Interventions and Occupational Health
Brisson, C., Aubé, K., Gilbert‐Ouimet, M., Duchaine, C. S., Trudel, X., & Vézina, M. (2020) · Handbook series in occupational health sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-31438-5_22 · Cited by 11
El abordaje de la depresión en el ámbito del trabajo: recomendaciones clave
Leal, E. C., Regás, P. I., Gili, M., Lahera, G., González, J. S., & Ruiz, J. S. (2016) · Psiquiatría Biológica · doi:10.1016/j.psiq.2016.08.003 · Cited by 11
Impact of lifetime compared to adolescent-onset mental illness on psychosocial employment quality in adulthood: analysis of a nationally representative French cohort
Witt, K., Milner, A. J., Chastang, J., LaMontagne, A. D., & Niedhammer, I. (2018) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-018-1331-6 · Cited by 11
The Impacts of Psychosocial Work Conditions on Self-rated Health among Korean Workers
Choi, E., & Jeon, G. (2016) · Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing · doi:10.5807/kjohn.2016.25.4.300 · Cited by 10
IDENTIFIKASI JENIS BAHAYA DAN PARAMETER PENILAIAN BAHAYA PADA PEKERJAAN KONSTRUKSI
Hansen, S. (2022) · PADURAKSA Jurnal Teknik Sipil Universitas Warmadewa · doi:10.22225/pd.11.1.4356.94-102 · Cited by 10
“…pekerjaan/stress/ kelelahan Allebeck & Mastekaasa (2004), Bodhare et al. (2011), Da Costa & Vieira (2009), Eller et al. (2009), Houtman et al. (n.d.), Netterstrom et al. (2008), SWA (2011) 31 Ketidakpastian bekerja EU-OSHA (2007b), Houtman et al. (n.d.), Wagenaar et al. (2012) 32 Pekerjaan monoton…”
Background
Specific psychosocial exposures for workers’ mental health: A population‐based study
Navarro, A., Utzet, M., Salas‐Nicás, S., Llorens, C., Ruiz, E. M., & Moncada, S. (2017) · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · doi:10.1002/ajim.22733 · Cited by 10
Managerial Quality and Risk of Depressive Disorders Among Danish Eldercare Workers
Rugulies, R., Jakobsen, L. M., Madsen, I. E. H., Borg, V., Carneiro, I. G., & Aust, B. (2017) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000001195 · Cited by 10
“Whether psychosocial working conditions can increase risk of depressive disorders has been controversially discussed.(11,27) Recent meta-analyses suggest that job strain, that is, the combination of high psychological demands and low decision latitude at work,(28,29) low decision latitude by itself,(29) effort-reward…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
How Do Hospital Medical and Nursing Managers Perceive Work-Related Strain on Their Employees?
Worringer, B., Genrich, M., Müller, A., Junne, F., & Angerer, P. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17134660 · Cited by 17
Job Demands and Job Control as Predictors of Depressive Symptoms: Moderating Effects of Negative Childhood Socioemotional Experiences
Pulkki-Råbäck, L., Elovainio, M. J., Virtanen, M., Mika Kivimaki, B., Hintsanen, M., Hintsa, T., Jokela, M. M., Puttonen, S., Joensuu, M., Lipsanen, J. O., et al. (2015) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2632 · Cited by 10
Depressive Symptoms in Mothers: The Role of Employment and Role Quality
Haggag, A. K., Geser, W., Ostermann, H., & Schusterschitz, C. (2011) · Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/15555240.2011.618432 · Cited by 10
“These findings are supported by a review of Netterstrom et al. (2008), who found evidence that these occupational psychosocial factors are associated with the development of depressive symptoms, especially if coworker and supervisor support was low.”
Background
Agency theory and social interactions at work
Lopes, H. (2016) · Review of Social Economy · doi:10.1080/00346764.2016.1171381 · Cited by 10

Authors: Netterstrom, B., Conrad, N., Bech, P., Fink, P., Olsen, O., Rugulies, R., & Stansfeld, S.
Affiliations: Capital Region of Denmark (DK)
Aarhus University Hospital (DK)
National Research Centre for the Working Environment (DK)
Queen Mary University of London (GB)
ORCID: Bech, P.
Fink, P.
Rugulies, R.
Stansfeld, S.
Venue: Epidemiologic Reviews
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2008-05-14
Volume: 30
Issue: 1
Pages: 118-132
ISSN: 0193-936X (ISSN-L)
1478-6729
DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxn004
OpenAlex: W2148031529
Cited by: 467
References: 114
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 40
FWCI: 4.54
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Epidemiologic Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Workplace Health and Well-being
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Burnout
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Employment and Welfare Studies
Keywords: depression, psychological job demands, social support at work, workplace mental health, relative risk, publication bias
MeSH terms: Depression, Humans, Psychology, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Social Support, Work

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The Relation between Work-related Psychosocial Factors and the Development of Depression

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