Cited by 467Workplace Health and Well-beingOccupational Health and BurnoutEmployment and Welfare Studies

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The Relation between Work-related Psychosocial Factors and the Development of Depression

Netterstrom, B., Conrad, N., Bech, P., Fink, P., Olsen, O., Rugulies, R., Stansfeld, S.·2008·Epidemiologic Reviews

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Abstract

This review is based on a literature search made in January 2007 on request by the Danish National Board of Industrial Injuries. The search in PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycINFO resulted in more than 1,000 publications. This was reduced to 14 after the titles, abstracts, and papers were evaluated by using the following criteria: 1) a longitudinal study, 2) exposure to work-related psychosocial factors, 3) the outcome a measure of depression, 4) relevant statistical estimates, and 5) nonduplicated publication. Of the 14 studies, seven used standardized diagnostic instruments as measures of depression, whereas the other seven studies used self-administered questionnaires. The authors found moderate evidence for a relation between the psychological demands of the job and the development of depression, with relative risks of approximately 2.0. However, indication of publication bias weakens the evidence. Social support at work was associated with a decrease in risk for future depression, as all four studies dealing with this exposure showed associations with relative risks of about 0.6. Even if this literature study has identified work-related psychosocial factors that in high-quality epidemiologic studies predict depression, studies are still needed that assess in more detail the duration and intensity of exposure necessary for developing depression.

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Can servant leadership prevent hotel employee depression during the COVID-19 pandemic? A mediating and multigroup analysis
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Association of Occupation, Employment Contract, and Company Size with Mental Health in a National Representative Sample of Employees in Japan
Inoue, A., Kawakami, N., Tsuchiya, M., Sakurai, K., & Hashimoto, H. (2010) · Journal of Occupational Health · doi:10.1539/joh.o10002 · Cited by 75
General Belongingness, Workplace Belongingness, and Depressive Symptoms
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Psychosocial working conditions and the risk of diagnosed depression: a Swedish register-based study
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“Psychosocial characteristics of the work environment may be important for the development of depressive symptoms, as has been concluded in several systematic reviews (Bonde, 2008; Madsen et al., 2017; Netterstrom et al., 2008; Siegrist, 2008; Theorell et al., 2015).”
Background
Do dimensions from the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire predict vitality and mental health over and above the job strain and effort—reward imbalance models?
Burr, H., Albertsen, K., Rugulies, R., & Hannerz, H. (2009) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494809353436 · Cited by 73
“Thus, the tradition of including only items from the ERI and job strain models in studies of possible health effects [27] should be reconsidered.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The importance of manager support for the mental health and well-being of ambulance personnel
Petrie, K., Gayed, A., Bryan, B. T., Deady, M., Madan, I., Savic, A., Wooldridge, Z., Counson, I., Calvo, R. A., Glozier, N., et al. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0197802 · Cited by 72
“support the temporal precedence of adverse psychosocial work exposures prior to the onset of psychological problems [48], the possibility of reverse causation remains—via alterations in the evaluation of the work environment by those with CMD or through real changes in the workplace environment in response to mental h…”
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Beyond the individual: A systematic review of the effects of unit-level demands and resources on employee productivity, health, and well-being.
Roczniewska, M. A., Smoktunowicz, E., Coo, C., Schwarz, U. V. T., Hasson, H., & Richter, A. (2021) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/ocp0000311 · Cited by 92
Workplace Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms: A Study of Multi-Ethnic Hospital Employees
Powell, W., Gillen, M., & Yen, I. H. (2010) · Race and Social Problems · doi:10.1007/s12552-010-9024-0 · Cited by 72
“Workplace environments characterized by high emotional demands and low control, a combination referred to as “job strain,” have also been associated with poor physical and psychological well-being (Markovitz et al. 2004; Netterstrom et al. 2008; Williams et al. 1997).”
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Active Job, Healthy Job? Occupational Stress and Depression among Hospital Physicians in Taiwan
Wang, L., Chen, C., Hsu, S., Lee, S.-Y., Chin-Sheng, W. A. N. G., & Yeh, W.-Y. (2010) · Industrial Health · doi:10.2486/indhealth.ms1209 · Cited by 72
Organizational and social-psychological conditions in healthcare and their importance for patient and staff safety. A critical incident study among doctors and nurses
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Perceived organizational justice as a predictor of long-term sickness absence due to diagnosed mental disorders: Results from the prospective longitudinal Finnish Public Sector Study
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Is Sickness Presenteeism a Risk Factor for Depression? A Danish 2-Year Follow-Up Study
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Self-citation
Psychosocial Work Environment as a Risk Factor for Absence With a Psychiatric Diagnosis: An Instrumental-Variables Analysis
Mika Kivimaki, B., Vahtera, J., Kawachi, I. I., Ferrie, J. E., Oksanen, T., Joensuu, M., Pentti, J., Salo, P., Elovainio, M. J., & Virtanen, M. (2010) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwq094 · Cited by 67
Office Employees’ Perception of Workspace Contribution: A Gender and Office Design Perspective
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“…from colleagues has positive effects on employees’ general health and sick leave (Fusilier, Ganster, & Mayes, 1986; Stansfeld, Head, & Marmot, 2000), as well as preventive effects in relation to depression, anxiety disorders (Netterstrøm et al., 2008), and stress-related ill-health (Frese, 1999).”
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Studying the effect of the psychosocial work environment on risk of ill-health: towards a more comprehensive assessment of working conditions
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“Refers to the following texts of the Journal: 2009;35(4):241-319 2010;36(5):349-432 2010;36(6):433-520 2011;37(4):259-358 2011;37(5):359-449 2012;38(2):89-184 2012;38(3):187-290 2012;38(3):187-290 2006;32(6):413-528 2002;28(1):0 1988;14 suppl 1:0 SJWEH Supplements 2008;(6):1-184”
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Depression-Related Work Disability: Socioeconomic Inequalities in Onset, Duration and Recurrence
Ervasti, J. M., Vahtera, J., Pentti, J., Oksanen, T., Ahola, K., Mika Kivimaki, B., & Virtanen, M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079855 · Cited by 65
“For example, job strain [31] characterized by a combination of high work demands, low job control, and low social support, has been linked with increased risk of depressive symptoms [32,33] and excess risk of disability pension [34].”
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Effects of a Multidisciplinary Stress Treatment Programme on Patient Return to Work Rate and Symptom Reduction: Results from a Randomised, Wait-List Controlled Trial
Netterstrøm, B., Friebel, L., & Ladegaard, Y. (2013) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000346369 · Cited by 64
Adverse Psychosocial Work Environments and Depression–A Narrative Review of Selected Theoretical Models
Siegrist, J., & Wege, N. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00066 · Cited by 69
Problematic Interpersonal Relationships at Work and Depression: A Swedish Prospective Cohort Study
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Person-related work and incident use of antidepressants: relations and mediating factors from the Danish work environment cohort study
Madsen, I. E. H., Diderichsen, F., Burr, H., & Rugulies, R. (2010) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.3049 · Cited by 61
“Refers to the following texts of the Journal: 2009;35(4):294-300 2005;31(5):343-351 2003;29(4):270-279 2005;31(6):438-449”
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The Epidemic of Mental Disorders in Business—How Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Spread across Organizations through Employee Mobility*
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“Indeed, wide empirical evidence shows that work-related stressors contribute to the onset or exacerbation of depression (Netterstrøm et al., 2008; McTernan, Dollard, and LaMontagne, 2013; Theorell et al., 2015), anxiety (Stansfeld and Candy, 2006; Melchior et al., 2007; Bhui et al., 2012), and…”
Background
Occupations, work characteristics and common mental disorder
Stansfeld, S. A., Pike, C., McManus, S., Harris, J., Bebbington, P., Brugha, T. S., Hassiotis, A., Jenkins, R., Meltzer, H., Moran, P., et al. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712001821 · Cited by 66
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Weigl, M., Hornung, S., Petru, R., Glaser, J., & Angerer, P. (2011) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-011-0706-8 · Cited by 61
Evaluation of the Validity of Job Exposure Matrix for Psychosocial Factors at Work
Solovieva, S. A., Pensola, T., Kausto, J., Shiri, R., Heliövaara, M., Alex Burdorf, A., Husgafvel‐Pursiainen, K., & Viikari-Juntura, E. R. A. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108987 · Cited by 63
A Longitudinal Analysis of Changes in Job Control and Mental Health
Bentley, R., Kavanagh, A. M., Krnjacki, L. J., & LaMontagne, A. D. (2015) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwv046 · Cited by 58
“That is, there is limited evidence on the duration, timing, and intensity of changes in job stressor exposures that can affect mental and physical health (3).”
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Psychological distress in Canada: The role of employment and reasons of non-employment
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“Studies based on the demands– control model (Karasek, 1979) and the efforts–reward model (Siegrist, 1996), proposed to explain how stress is generated and how it contributes to ill health in the workplace, have produced conflicting results (Bonde, 2008; Netterstrøm et al., 2008; Stansfeld & Candy, 2006).”
Result
Estimating the Economic Benefits of Eliminating Job Strain as a Risk Factor for Depression
Cocker, F., Sanderson, K. A., & LaMontagne, A. D. (2016) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000000908 · Cited by 58
Pilot study of a cluster randomised trial of a guided e-learning health promotion intervention for managers based on management standards for the improvement of employee well-being and reduction of sickness absence: GEM Study
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“Interpretation of findings The small difference in well-being between the intervention and control groups may be due to several factors: (1) insufficient interval between intervention and follow-up employee well-being measurements, (2) choice of well-being measure, (3) the confounding effects of considerable organisat…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Are depressive disorders caused by psychosocial stressors at work? A systematic review with metaanalysis
Mikkelsen, S., Coggon, D., Andersen, J. H., Casey, P., Flachs, E. M., Kolstad, H. A., Mors, O. N., & Bonde, J. P. (2021) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-021-00725-9 · Cited by 67
Work-unit measures of organisational justice and risk of depression—a 2-year cohort study
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Self-citation
Synergistic interaction effect between job control and social support at work on general psychological distress
Choi, B., Östergren, P., Canivet, C. A., Moghaddassi, M., Lindeberg, S. I., Karasek, R. A., & Isacsson, S. (2010) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-010-0554-y · Cited by 61
“For instance, recent meta-analyses about psychosocial work characteristics and common mental disorders are mute to the above questions (Bonde 2008; Netterstrøm et al. 2008; Stansfeld and Candy 2006).”
Background
Fractions of cardiovascular diseases, mental disorders, and musculoskeletal disorders attributable to job strain
Sultan‐Taïeb, H., Lejeune, C., Drummond, A., & Niedhammer, I. (2011) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-011-0633-8 · Cited by 55
“1994; Tennant 2000; Theorell and Karasek 1996; Van der Doef and Maes 1998), mental disorders (Bonde 2008; De Lange et al. 2003; Michie and Williams 2003; Netterstrom et al. 2008; Sanderson and Andrews 2006; Siegrist 2008; Stansfeld and Candy 2006; Tennant 2001; Van der Doef and Maes 1999; Wilhelm et al. 2004) and MSD…”
Background
Factors associated with first return to work and sick leave durations in workers with common mental disorders
Flach, P. A., Groothoff, J. W., Krol, B., & Bültmann, U. (2011) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckr102 · Cited by 55
Effectiveness of a Coordinated and Tailored Return-to-Work Intervention for Sickness Absence Beneficiaries with Mental Health Problems
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“While musculoskeletal disorders may be primarily associated with physical aspects of the working environment, such as heavy lifting or repetitive movements [40], MHPs areassociated with the psychosocial work environment, such as imbalance between demands, resources, and rewards, or interpersonal conflicts at work [41–…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Returning Employees Back to Work: Developing a Measure for Supervisors to Support Return to Work (SSRW)
Munir, F., Yarker, J., Hicks, B., & Donaldson‐Feilder, E. (2011) · Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1007/s10926-011-9331-3 · Cited by 54
“increased productivity [6], lower sickness absence [7], a decrease in risk for future depression [8] and lower turnover intentions [9].”
Background
Fractions of cardiovascular diseases and mental disorders attributable to psychosocial work factors in 31 countries in Europe
Niedhammer, I., Sultan‐Taïeb, H., Chastang, J., Vermeylen, G., & Parent-Thirion, A. (2013) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-013-0879-4 · Cited by 54
Job stressors and long-term sick leave due to depressive disorders among Japanese male employees: findings from the Japan Work Stress and Health Cohort study
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“These findings were inconsistent with previous findings that low social support in the workplace was associated with depressive disorders in Japan(46) 47 and elsewhere.(2) The present findings may be attributable to possible changes among supervisors and coworkers during the long-term follow-up, or to the possibility…”
BackgroundResult
Predictors of impaired work functioning in employees with major depression in remission
de Vries, G., Koeter, M. W. J., Nieuwenhuijsen, K., Hees, H. L., & Schene, A. H. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.07.013 · Cited by 54
“Work characteristics were found to affect the incidence of depression (Bonde, 2008; Netterstrøm et al., 2008) and may therefore influence subsequent work functioning.”
Background

Authors: Netterstrom, B., Conrad, N., Bech, P., Fink, P., Olsen, O., Rugulies, R., & Stansfeld, S.
Affiliations: Capital Region of Denmark (DK)
Aarhus University Hospital (DK)
National Research Centre for the Working Environment (DK)
Queen Mary University of London (GB)
ORCID: Bech, P.
Fink, P.
Rugulies, R.
Stansfeld, S.
Venue: Epidemiologic Reviews
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2008-05-14
Volume: 30
Issue: 1
Pages: 118-132
ISSN: 0193-936X (ISSN-L)
1478-6729
DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxn004
OpenAlex: W2148031529
Cited by: 467
References: 114
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 40
FWCI: 4.54
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Epidemiologic Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Workplace Health and Well-being
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Burnout
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Employment and Welfare Studies
Keywords: depression, psychological job demands, social support at work, workplace mental health, relative risk, publication bias
MeSH terms: Depression, Humans, Psychology, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Social Support, Work

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The Relation between Work-related Psychosocial Factors and the Development of Depression

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