Psychosocial factors at work and risk of depression: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence

Bonde, J P E

doi:10.1136/oem.2007.038430

Cited by 919Workplace Health and Well-beingEmployment and Welfare StudiesOccupational Health and Burnout

Psychosocial factors at work and risk of depression: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence

Bonde, J P E·2008·Occupational and Environmental Medicine

DOI 10.1136/oem.2007.038430

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Objectives: Major depression is a leading cause of psychiatric morbidity and may be influenced by psychosocial factors in the workplace, although evidence so far remains circumstantial. This paper reviews follow-up studies addressing the risk of major depression and depressive symptoms relative to psychosocial stressors in the working environment and evaluates the evidence for causality. Method: Follow-up studies were identified by a systematic Medline search combining search terms for the outcome and measures of job-related psychosocial factors. The quality of the studies was evaluated using 22 criteria related to their potential for bias and confounding. Results: Sixteen company or population-based studies including some 63 000 employees were identified. Validated multi-item scales were used to measure perceived psychosocial stressors in most of the studies. Major depression was defined by clinical criteria in seven studies and by symptom scales in another seven. The follow-up period ranged from 1 to 13 years. The prevalence of depressive disorder varied substantially, suggesting a high degree of study heterogeneity. The adjusted relative risk for onset of a major depressive episode according to job stressors ranged from 0.5 to 1.5 in 44 of 61 reported associations with various psychosocial factor dimensions. Associations were strongest and most consistent for job strain defined as high demand and low decision latitude among men. Most studies shared common limitations such as lack of independent measures of exposure and outcome and potential confounding. Although a meta-analysis would technically be possible, heterogeneity across studies evidenced by variation in the prevalence of depression made this unfeasible. Conclusion: This review provides consistent findings that perception of adverse psychosocial factors in the workplace is related to an elevated risk of subsequent depressive symptoms or major depressive episode; however, methodological limitations preclude causal inference. Studies implementing objective measures of job stressors or independent outcome ascertainment are warranted.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1136/oem.2007.038430

Cites

41 of 41 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

There is growing evidence to suggest a link between work characteristics and the onset of depression, with perceived psychosocial work stress being the most often investigated work exposure.
“There is growing evidence to suggest a link between work characteristics and the onset of depression, with perceived psychosocial work stress being the most often investigated work exposure (2-7).”
From Long working hours and depressive symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data (2018) · cites this paper as [3]
Work-related aspects play an important role in the development and perpetuation of depression.
“work-related aspects play an important role in the development and perpetuation of depression [24-26]”
From Long-Term Results of a Web-Based Guided Self-Help Intervention for Employees With Depressive Symptoms: Randomized Controlled Trial (2014) · cites this paper as [24]

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,841 · see citing works
No health without mental health
Prince, M. J., Patel, V., Saxena, S., Maj, M., Maselko, J., Phillips, M. R., & Rahman, A. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61238-0 · Cited by 3,835 · see citing works
Prevalence, Severity, and Unmet Need for Treatment of Mental Disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys
(2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.291.21.2581 · Cited by 3,448 · see citing works
THE EFFECTS OF STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS ON DEPRESSION
Kessler, R. C. (1997) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.191 · Cited by 2,111 · cited 3× · see citing works
“According to a 1997 literature review, it has been consistently documented that exposure to stressful life events is associated with subsequent onset of depressive episodes and that the risk increases with the severity and contextual importance of the event.(6) Moreover, life events seem more important forerunners of…”
BackgroundInfluential
Psychosocial work environment and mental health—a meta-analytic review
Stansfeld, S., & Candy, B. (2006) · Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.1050 · Cited by 1,875 · see citing works
Performance of a Five-Item Mental Health Screening Test
Berwick, D. M., Murphy, J. M., Goldman, P. A., Ware, J. E., Barsky, A. J., & Weinstein, M. C. (1991) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-199102000-00008 · Cited by 1,660 · see citing works
Measuring the mental health status of the Norwegian population: A comparison of the instruments SCL-25, SCL-10, SCL-5 and MHI-5 (SF-36)
Strand, B. H., Dalgard, O. S., Tambs, K., & Rognerud, M. (2003) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039480310000932 · Cited by 1,304 · see citing works
"The very best of the millennium": Longitudinal research and the demand-control-(support) model.
de Lange, A., Taris, T. W., Kompier, M. A. J., Houtman, I. L. D., & Bongers, P. M. (2003) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/1076-8998.8.4.282 · Cited by 1,059 · see citing works
Prevalence and Effects of Mood Disorders on Work Performance in a Nationally Representative Sample of U.S. Workers
Kessler, R. C., Akiskal, H. S., Ames, M., Birnbaum, H., Greenberg, P., .A, R. M., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., Simon, G. E., & Wang, P. S. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.9.1561 · Cited by 868 · see citing works
Prevalence and Effects of Mood Disorders on Work Performance in a Nationally Representative Sample of U.S. Workers
Kessler, R. C., Akiskal, H. S., Ames, M., Birnbaum, H., Greenberg, P., .A, R. M., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., Simon, G. E., & Wang, P. S. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.9.1561 · Cited by 868 · cited 2× · see citing works
“met the criteria of a major depressive episode during a 12-month period according to the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI).(3) The use of the Major Depression Inventory (MDI), a validated self-rating scale which assesses depressive episode according to the symptomatic…”
BackgroundMethod
Use of a self-report symptom scale to detect depression in a community sample
Myers, J. K., & Weissman, M. M. (1980) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.137.9.1081 · Cited by 777 · see citing works
Work-related stress and depressive disorders
Tennant, C. (2001) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(01)00255-0 · Cited by 605 · see citing works
Workplace bullying and the risk of cardiovascular disease and depression
Mika Kivimaki, B., Virtanen, M., Vartia, M. A.-L., Elovainio, M. J., Vahtera, J., & Keltikangas‐Järvinen, L. (2003) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oem.60.10.779 · Cited by 594 · see citing works
Life Events, Stress and Depression: A Review of Recent Findings
Tennant, C. (2002) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.01007.x · Cited by 478 · see citing works
The importance of low control at work and home on depression and anxiety: do these effects vary by gender and social class?
Griffin, J. M., Fuhrer, R., Stansfeld, S. A., & Marmot, M. G. (2002) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(01)00109-5 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Psychosocial factors at work and subsequent depressive symptoms in the Gazel cohort
Niedhammer, I., Goldberg, M., Leclerc, A., Bugel, I., & David, S. (1998) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.299 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
A prospective study of cumulative job stress in relation to mental health.
Godin, I., Kittel, F., Coppieters, Y., & Siegrist, J. (2005) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-5-67 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Psychosocial risk factors for depressive disorders in late life
BRUCE, M. L. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01410-5 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Psychosocial Work Environment and Incidence of Severe Depressive Symptoms: Prospective Findings from a 5-Year Follow-up of the Danish Work Environment Cohort Study
Rugulies, R., Bültmann, U., Aust, B., & Burr, H. (2006) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwj119 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Work stress as a risk factor for major depressive episode(s)
Wang, J. (2004) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291704003241 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Prevalence of major depression and stress indicators in the Danish general population
Olsen, L. R., Mortensen, E. L., & Bech, P. (2004) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1046/j.0001-690x.2003.00231.x · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Psychosocial factors at work, personality traits and depressive symptoms
Paterniti, S., Niedhammer, I., Lang, T., & Consoli, S. M. (2002) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.181.2.111 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Effort–reward imbalance model and self-reported health: cross-sectional and prospective findings from the GAZEL cohort
Niedhammer, I., Tek, M.-L., Starke, D., & Siegrist, J. (2003) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(03)00346-0 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
The contribution of working conditions and social support to the onset of depressive and anxiety disorders among male and female employees
Plaisier, I., de Bruijn, J. G. M., de Graaf, R., ten Have, M., Beekman, A. T. F., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2006) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.09.008 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Clinical and Psychosocial Origins of Chronic Depressive Episodes
Brown, G. W., & Moran, P. M. (1994) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.165.4.447 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Psychosocial work characteristics and incidence of newly diagnosed depression: a prospective cohort study of three different models
Ylipaavalniemi, J., Mika Kivimaki, B., Elovainio, M. J., Virtanen, M., Keltikangas‐Järvinen, L., & Vahtera, J. (2005) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.11.038 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Measuring job stressors and studying the health impact of the work environment: An epidemiolgic commentary.
Kasl, S. V. (1998) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//1076-8998.3.4.390 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Job stress and depression symptoms in middle-aged workers—prospective results from the Belstress study
Clays, E., Bacquer, D. D., Leynen, F., Kornitzer, M., Kittel, F., & Backer, G. D. (2007) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.1140 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Psychosocial Work Environment and Mental Health: Job-strain and Effort-Reward Imbalance Models in a Context of Major Organizational Changes
Niedhammer, I., Chastang, J., David, S., Barouhiel, L., & Barrandon, G. (2006) · International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1179/oeh.2006.12.2.111 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Work stress, mental health and antidepressant medication findings from the Health 2000 Study
Virtanen, M., Honkonen, T., Mika Kivimaki, B., Ahola, K., Vahtera, J., Aromaa, A., & Lönnqvist, J. K. (2006) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.05.034 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Work and mental health
Wilhelm, K. A., Kovess–Masféty, V., Rios-Seidel, C., & Finch, A. W. (2004) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-004-0869-7 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Work related violence and threats and the risk of depression and stress disorders
Wieclaw, J., Agerbo, E., Mortensen, P. B., Burr, H., Tüchsen, F., & Bonde, J. P. (2006) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2005.042986 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of perceived job stress on depressive symptoms in blue-collar workers of an electrical factory in Japan.
Kawakami, N., Haratani, T., & Araki, S. (1992) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.1588 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Stress and depression in the employed population.
Shields, M. E. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Labor market experience, work organization, gender inequalities and health status: results from a prospective analysis of US employed women
O'Campo, P. J., Eaton, W. W., & Muntaner, C. (2003) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(03)00230-2 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Measuring job stressors and studying the health impact of the work environment: An epidemiolgic commentary.
Kasl, S. V. (1998) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/1076-8998.3.4.390 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Severity of stressful life events in first and subsequent episodes of depression: the relevance of depressive subtype
Mitchell, P. B. (2003) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(01)00479-7 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Workplace Levels of Psychosocial Factors as Prospective Predictors of Registered Sickness Absence
Christensen, K. B., Nielsen, M. L., Rugulies, R., Smith‐Hansen, L., & Kristensen, T. S. (2005) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.jom.0000172864.16001.85 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Psychosocial conditions on and off the job and psychological ill health: depressive symptoms, impaired psychological wellbeing, heavy consumption of alcohol
Michélsen, H., & Bildt, C. (2003) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oem.60.7.489 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Predictors of first‐onset major depressive episodes among white‐collar workers
Tokuyama, M., Nakao, K., Seto, M., Watanabe, A., & Takeda, M. (2003) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1819.2003.01158.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Psychosocial and vascular risk factors of depression in later life
Oldehinkel, A. J., Ormel, J., Brilman, E. I., & van den Berg, M. D. (2003) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00014-9 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Stress and cardiovascular disease
Steptoe, A., & Kivimäki, M. (2012) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2012.45 · Cited by 1,321 · see citing works
A systematic review including meta-analysis of work environment and depressive symptoms
Theorell, T., Hammarström, A., Aronsson, G., Träskman Bendz, L., Grape, T., Hogstedt, C., Marteinsdottir, I., Skoog, I., & Hall, C. (2015) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1954-4 · Cited by 982 · see citing works
Burnout–Depression Overlap: A Review
Bianchi, R., Schonfeld, I. S., & Laurent, E. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.01.004 · Cited by 868 · see citing works
Can work make you mentally ill? A systematic meta-review of work-related risk factors for common mental health problems
Harvey, S. B., Modini, M., Joyce, S., Milligan-Saville, J. S., Tan, L., Mykletun, A., Bryant, R. A., Christensen, H., & Mitchell, P. B. (2017) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2016-104015 · Cited by 799 · see citing works
Trends in depression prevalence in the USA from 2005 to 2015: widening disparities in vulnerable groups
Weinberger, A. H., Gbedemah, M., Martinez, A. M., Nash, D., Galea, S., & Goodwin, R. D. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717002781 · Cited by 716 · see citing works
Psychosocial work environment and stress-related disorders, a systematic review
Nieuwenhuijsen, K., Bruinvels, D., & Frings-Dresen, M. (2010) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqq081 · Cited by 696 · see citing works
The cost of work-related stress to society: A systematic review
Hassard, J., Teoh, K. R. H., Visockaite, G., Dewe, P., & Cox, T. (2018) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/ocp0000069 · Cited by 652 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Psychological Distress
Drapeau, A., Marchand, A., & Beaulieu‐Prévost, D. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/30872 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Workplace mental health: developing an integrated intervention approach
LaMontagne, A. D., Martin, A. J., Page, K. M., Reavley, N. J., Noblet, A. J., Milner, A. J., Keegel, T. G., & Smith, P. M. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-131 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Untitled work
(2017) · doi:10.1017/s003329171600355x · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Effort-reward imbalance at work and risk of depressive disorders. A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
Rugulies, R., Aust, B., & Madsen, I. E. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.3632 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Burnout and Depression: Two Entities or One?
Schonfeld, I. S., & Bianchi, R. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22229 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
The role of psychosocial working conditions on burnout and its core component emotional exhaustion – a systematic review
Seidler, A., Thinschmidt, M., Deckert, S., Then, F., Hegewald, J., Nieuwenhuijsen, K., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2014) · Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology · doi:10.1186/1745-6673-9-10 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Perceptions of work stress causes and effective interventions in employees working in public, private and non-governmental organisations: a qualitative study
Bhui, K. S., Dinos, S., Galant-Miecznikowska, M., Jongh, B. D., & Stansfeld, S. A. (2016) · BJPsych Bulletin · doi:10.1192/pb.bp.115.050823 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
COVID-19 and employees’ mental health: stressors, moderators and agenda for organizational actions
Hamouche, S. (2020) · Emerald Open Research · doi:10.35241/emeraldopenres.13550.1 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
The effect of the work environment on future sleep disturbances: A systematic review
Linton, S. J., Kecklund, G., Franklin, K. A., Leissner, L. C., Sivertsen, B., Lindberg, E., Svensson, A. C., Hansson, S. O., Sundin, Ö., Hetta, J., et al. (2015) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.10.010 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Occupational musculoskeletal and mental health: Significance of rationalization and opportunities to create sustainable production systems – A systematic review
Westgaard, R. H., & Winkel, J. (2010) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2010.07.002 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Relationship between burnout and depressive symptoms: A study using the person-centred approach
Ahola, K., Hakanen, J., Perhoniemi, R., & Mutanen, P. (2014) · Burnout Research · doi:10.1016/j.burn.2014.03.003 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Psychosocial job stressors and suicidality: a meta-analysis and systematic review
Milner, A., Witt, K., LaMontagne, A. D., & Niedhammer, I. (2018) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2017-104531 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Organisational justice and mental health: a systematic review of prospective studies: Figure 1
Ndjaboué, R., Brisson, C., & Vézina, M. (2012) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2011-100595 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Association of work-related stress with mental health problems in a special police force unit
Garbarino, S., Cuomo, G., Chiorri, C., & Magnavita, N. (2013) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002791 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Long working hours and depressive symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data
Virtanen, M., Jokela, M., Madsen, I. E., Magnusson Hanson, L. L., Lallukka, T., Nyberg, S. T., Alfredsson, L., Batty, G. D., Bjorner, J. B., Borritz, M., et al. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.3712 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
“Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 44(3), 239-250.”
Background
Calculating the cost of work-related stress and psychosocial risks
Hassard, J., Teoh, K., Cox, T., Cosmar, M., Gründler, R., Flemming, D., Cosemans, B., & van den Broek, K. (2014) · BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London) · doi:10.2802/20493 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Overtime Work as a Predictor of Major Depressive Episode: A 5-Year Follow-Up of the Whitehall II Study
Virtanen, M., Stansfeld, S. A., Fuhrer, R., Ferrie, J. E., & Mika Kivimaki, B. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030719 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
From Midlife to Early Old Age
Jokela, M. M., Ferrie, J. E., Gimeno, D., Chandola, T., Shipley, M. J., Head, J. A., Vahtera, J., Westerlund, H., Marmot, M. G., & Mika Kivimaki, B. (2010) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e3181d61f53 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Psychosocial work environment and mental health among construction workers
Boschman, J. S., van der Molen, H. F., Sluiter, J. K., & Frings‐Dresen, M. H. W. (2013) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2013.01.004 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Altered serotonin receptor expression is associated with depression-related behavior in the R6/1 transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease
Pang, T. Y., Du, X., Zajac, M. S., Howard, M. L., & Hannan, A. J. (2008) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddn385 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Occupation and mental health in a national UK survey
Stansfeld, S. A., Rasul, F., Head, J. A., & Singleton, N. (2009) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0173-7 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Job insecurity, socio-economic circumstances and depression
Meltzer, H., Bebbington, P., Brugha, T. S., Jenkins, R., McManus, S., & Stansfeld, S. A. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709991802 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
A cross-sectional study of mental health and well-being and their associations in the UK veterinary profession
Bartram, D. J., Yadegarfar, G., & Baldwin, D. S. (2009) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0030-8 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Psychosocial working conditions and psychological well-being among employees in 34 European countries
Schütte, S., Chastang, J., Malard, L., Parent-Thirion, A., Vermeylen, G., & Niedhammer, I. (2014) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-014-0930-0 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Health, work and working conditions: a review of the European economic literature
Barnay, T. (2015) · The European Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1007/s10198-015-0715-8 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Welfare regimes, labour policies and unhealthy psychosocial working conditions: a comparative study with 9917 older employees from 12 European countries
Dragano, N., Siegrist, J., & Wahrendorf, M. (2010) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2009.098541 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Globalization, Work, and Cardiovascular Disease
Schnall, P. L., Dobson, M., & Landsbergis, P. A. (2016) · International Journal of Health Services · doi:10.1177/0020731416664687 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
COVID-19 and employees’ mental health: stressors, moderators and agenda for organizational actions
Hamouche, S. (2020) · Emerald Open Research · doi:10.1108/eor-02-2023-0004 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
The Psychosocial Work Environment, Employee Mental Health and Organizational Interventions: Improving Research and Practice by Taking a Multilevel Approach
Martin, A. J., Karanika‐Murray, M., Biron, C., & Sanderson, K. A. (2014) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2593 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
The impact of common mental disorders on the work functioning of nurses and allied health professionals: A systematic review
Gärtner, F. R., Nieuwenhuijsen, K., van Dijk, F. J. H., & Sluiter, J. K. (2010) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2010.03.013 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
The associations of supervisor support and work overload with burnout and depression: a cross‐sectional study in two nursing settings
Weigl, M., Stab, N., Herms, I., Angerer, P., Hacker, W., & Glaser, J. (2016) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.12948 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Psychosocial working conditions and the risk of depression and anxiety disorders in the Danish workforce
Wieclaw, J., Agerbo, E., Mortensen, P. B., Burr, H., Tüchsen, F., & Bonde, J. P. (2008) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-280 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Role of Job Demands and Job Resources in the Development of Emotional Exhaustion, Depression, and Anxiety Among Police Officers
Maria, A. S., Wörfel, F., Wolter, C., Gusy, B., Rotter, M., Stark, S., Kleiber, D., & Renneberg, B. (2017) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611117743957 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Psychosocial Job Stress and Immunity: A Systematic Review
Nakata, A. (2012) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-071-7_3 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Job Strain and the Risk of Depression: Is Reporting Biased?
Kolstad, H. A., Hansen, Å. M., Kærgaard, A., Thomsen, J. F., Kærlev, L., Mikkelsen, S., Grynderup, M. B., Mors, O. N., Rugulies, R., Kristensen, A. S., et al. (2010) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwq318 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citation
Impact of organisational change on mental health: a systematic review
Bamberger, S. G., Vinding, A. L., Larsen, A., Nielsen, P., Fonager, K., Nielsen, R. N., Ryom, P., & Omland, Ø. (2012) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2011-100381 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Men, Work, and Mental Health: A Systematic Review of Depression in Male-dominated Industries and Occupations
ROCHE, A. M., Pidd, K., Fischer, J. A., Lee, N., Scarfe, A. J., & Kostadinov, V. (2016) · Safety and Health at Work · doi:10.1016/j.shaw.2016.04.005 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Psychosocial risks and work-related stress in developing countries: health impact, priorities, barriers and solutions
Kortum, E., Leka, S., & Cox, T. (2010) · International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health · doi:10.2478/v10001-010-0024-5 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Burnout predicts hospitalization for mental and cardiovascular disorders: 10‐year prospective results from industrial sector
Toppinen‐Tanner, S., Ahola, K., Koskinen, A., & Väänänen, A. (2009) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.1282 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Occupational factors and subsequent major depressive and generalized anxiety disorders in the prospective French national SIP study
Niedhammer, I., Malard, L., & Chastang, J. (2015) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1559-y · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Work and home stress: Associations with anxiety and depression symptoms
Fan, L.-B., Blumenthal, J. A., Watkins, L. L., & Sherwood, A. (2015) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqu181 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
The Association between Education and Work Stress: Does the Policy Context Matter?
Lunau, T., Siegrist, J., Dragano, N., & Wahrendorf, M. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121573 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
DEPRESSED MOOD IN THE WORKING POPULATION: ASSOCIATIONS WITH WORK SCHEDULES AND WORKING HOURS
Driesen, K., Jansen, N., Kant, I., Mohren, D. C. L., & van Amelsvoort, L. G. P. M. (2010) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2010.489877 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGYEndocrine and immunological aspects of burnout: a narrative review
Jónsdóttir, I. H., & Sjörs, A. (2018) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-18-0741 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Shortened telomere length in white matter oligodendrocytes in major depression: potential role of oxidative stress
Szebeni, A., Szebeni, K., DiPeri, T. P., Chandley, M., Crawford, J. D., Stockmeier, C. A., & Ordway, G. A. (2014) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145714000698 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Depressive, anxiety, and burnout symptoms on health care personnel at a month after COVID-19 outbreak in Indonesia
Sunjaya, D. K., Herawati, D. M. D., & Siregar, A. Y. M. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10299-6 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Innovative Work Practices, Information Technologies, and Working Conditions: Evidence for France
Askenazy, P., & Caroli, È. (2010) · Industrial Relations A Journal of Economy and Society · doi:10.1111/j.1468-232x.2010.00616.x · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The Symptom Checklist-core depression (SCL-CD 6 ) scale: Psychometric properties of a brief six item scale for the assessment of depression
Hanson, L. L. M., Westerlund, H., Leineweber, C., Rugulies, R., Osika, W., Theorell, T., & Bech, P. (2013) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494813500591 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
A systematic review on the effect of work-related stressors on mental health of young workers
Law, P. C. F., Too, L. S., Butterworth, P., Witt, K., Reavley, N. J., & Milner, A. J. (2020) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-020-01516-7 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
The multilevel determinants of workers’ mental health: results from the SALVEO study
Marchand, A., Durand, P., Haines, V. Y., & Harvey, S. (2014) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0932-y · Cited by 107 · see citing works
The Impact of Health-Oriented Leadership on Police Officers’ Physical Health, Burnout, Depression and Well-Being
Maria, A. S., Wolter, C., Gusy, B., Kleiber, D., & Renneberg, B. (2018) · Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/pay067 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Psychological and Social Work Factors as Predictors of Mental Distress: A Prospective Study
Finne, L. B., Christensen, J. O., & Knardahl, S. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102514 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Burnout Syndrome in an International Setting
Carod-Artal, F. J., & Vázquez-Cabrera, C. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4391-9_2 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Depressive symptoms among Latino farmworkers across the agricultural season: Structural and situational influences.
Grzywacz, J. G., Quandt, S. A., Chen, H., Isom, S. P., Kiang, L., Vallejos, Q. M., & Arcury, T. A. (2010) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019722 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Is psychosocial risk prevention possible? Deconstructing common presumptions
Leka, S., van Wassenhove, W., & Jain, A. (2014) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2014.03.014 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Telework in the 21st Century
(2019) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781789903751 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Depressive symptoms and psychosocial stress at work among older employees in three continents
Siegrist, J., Lunau, T., Wahrendorf, M., & Dragano, N. (2012) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/1744-8603-8-27 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Workplace suicide prevention: a systematic review of published and unpublished activities
Milner, A. J., Page, K. E., Spencer‐Thomas, S., & LaMontagne, A. D. (2014) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/dau085 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Prevention of common mental disorders: What can we learn from those who have gone before and where do we go next?
Jacka, F. N., Reavley, N. J., Jorm, A. F., Toumbourou, J. W., Lewis, A. J., & Berk, M. (2013) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867413493523 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Der aktuelle Kenntnisstand über Erkrankungsrisiken durch psychische Arbeitsbelastungen
Rau, R., & Buyken, D. (2015) · Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie A&O · doi:10.1026/0932-4089/a000186 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Job strain and the risk of disability pension due to musculoskeletal disorders, depression or coronary heart disease: a prospective cohort study of 69 842 employees
Mäntyniemi, A., Oksanen, T., Salo, P., Virtanen, M., Sjösten, N., Pentti, J., Mika Kivimaki, B., & Vahtera, J. (2012) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2011-100411 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Prevalence rates for depression by industry: a claims database analysis
Wulsin, L. R., Alterman, T., Bushnell, P. T., Li, J., & Shen, R. (2014) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0891-3 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Adverse psychosocial working conditions and risk of severe depressive symptoms. Do effects differ by occupational grade?
Rugulies, R., Aust, B., Madsen, I. E. H., Burr, H., Siegrist, J., & Bültmann, U. (2012) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/cks071 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Psychosocial work characteristics, burnout, psychological morbidity symptoms and early retirement intentions: a cross-sectional study of NHS consultants in the UK
Khan, A., Teoh, K., Islam, S., & Hassard, J. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018720 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Occupational health disparities among U.S. long-haul truck drivers: the influence of work organization and sleep on cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk
Hege, A., Lemke, M. K., Apostolopoulos, Y., & Sönmez, S. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207322 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Organizational Interventions for Health and Well-being
Martin, A., & LaMontagne, A. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315410494 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
The mutual relationship between shift work and depressive complaints – a prospective cohort study
Driesen, K., Jansen, N., van Amelsvoort, L. G. P. M., & Kant, I. (2011) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.3158 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Gendered depression: Vulnerability or exposure to work and family stressors?
Marchand, A., Bilodeau, J., Demers, A., Beauregard, N., Durand, P., & Haines, V. (2016) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.08.021 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Prevalence of mental health outcomes among Canadian veterinarians
Perret, J. L., Best, C. O., Coe, J. B., Greer, A. L., Khosa, D. K., & Jones‐Bitton, A. (2020) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.256.3.365 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Long-Term Results of a Web-Based Guided Self-Help Intervention for Employees With Depressive Symptoms: Randomized Controlled Trial
Geraedts, A. S., Kleiboer, A. M., Twisk, J., Wiezer, N. M., van Mechelen, W., & Cuijpers, P. (2014) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.3539 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“…however, important to develop evidence-based worker-directed interventions for employees with depression that involve work-related aspects, such as high job demands and work-life balance, because work-related aspects play an important role in the development and perpetuation of depression [24-26].”
Depression as a psychosocial consequence of occupational injury in the US working population: findings from the medical expenditure panel survey
Kim, J.-Y. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-303 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Effort–reward imbalance as a risk factor for disability pension: the Finnish Public Sector Study
Juvani, A., Oksanen, T., Salo, P., Virtanen, M., Mika Kivimaki, B., Pentti, J., & Vahtera, J. (2013) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.3402 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The Role of Self-Efficacy, Work-Related Autonomy and Work-Family Conflict on Employee’s Stress Level during Home-Based Remote Work in Germany
Lange, M., & Kayser, I. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19094955 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Psychosocial working conditions and depressive symptoms among Swedish employees
Hanson, L. L. M., Theorell, T., Bech, P., Rugulies, R., Burr, H., Hyde, M., Oxenstierna, G., & Westerlund, H. (2009) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-009-0406-9 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Bullying at work and onset of a major depressive episode among Danish female eldercare workers
Rugulies, R., Madsen, I. E. H., Hjarsbech, P. U., Høgh, A., Borg, V., Carneiro, I. G., & Aust, B. (2012) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.3278 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Long-term Effects of Psychosocial Work Stress in Midlife on Health Functioning After Labor Market Exit--Results From the GAZEL Study
Wahrendorf, M., Sembajwe, G. N., Zins, M., Berkman, L. F., Goldberg, M., & Siegrist, J. (2012) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbs045 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Psychosocial work environment and mental health-related long-term sickness absence among nurses
Roelen, C. A. M., van Hoffen, M. F. A., Waage, S., Schaufeli, W. B., Twisk, J. W. R., Bjorvatn, B., Moen, B. E., & Pallesen, S. (2017) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-017-1268-1 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Interpersonal relationships at work.
Reich, T. C., & Hershcovis, M. S. (2010) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12171-006 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Can high psychological job demands, low decision latitude, and high job strain predict disability pensions? A 12-year follow-up of middle-aged Swedish workers
Canivet, C. A., Choi, B., Karasek, R. A., Moghaddassi, M., Nyman, C. S., & Östergren, P. (2012) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-012-0766-4 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
The association between type and number of adverse working conditions and mental health during a time of economic crisis (2010–2012)
ten Have, M., van Dorsselaer, S., & de Graaf, R. (2015) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1009-2 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Work-based predictors of mortality: A 20-year follow-up of healthy employees.
Shirom, A., Toker, S., Alkaly, Y., Jacobson, O., & Balicer, R. D. (2011) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023138 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Transformational leadership and depressive symptoms: A prospective study☆
Munir, F., Nielsen, K. M., & Carneiro, I. G. (2009) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.03.020 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Can servant leadership prevent hotel employee depression during the COVID-19 pandemic? A mediating and multigroup analysis
Ruiz‐Palomino, P., Yáñez‐Araque, B., Estévez, P. J., & Gutiérrez-Broncano, S. (2021) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121192 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Workplace stressors & health outcomes: Health policy for the workplace
Goh, J., Pfeffer, J., Zenios, S. A., & Rajpal, S. (2015) · Behavioral Science & Policy · doi:10.1353/bsp.2015.0001 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Long work hours, weekend working and depressive symptoms in men and women: findings from a UK population-based study
Weston, G., Zilanawala, A., Webb, E. A., de Carvalho, L. A., & McMunn, A. (2019) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2018-211309 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Psychosocial working conditions and the risk of diagnosed depression: a Swedish register-based study
Almroth, M., Hemmingsson, T., Wallin, A. S., Kjellberg, K., Burström, B., & Falkstedt, D. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329172100060x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Occupational Stress, Work-Family Conflict and Depressive Symptoms among Chinese Bank Employees: The Role of Psychological Capital
Kan, D., & Yu, X. (2016) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph13010134 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Relationships between transformational leadership and health: The mediating role of perceived job demands and occupational self-efficacy.
Hentrich, S., Zimber, A., Garbade, S. F., Gregersen, S., Nienhaus, A., & Petermann, F. (2016) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/str0000027 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Association of Stressful Life Events with Psychological Problems: A Large-Scale Community-Based Study Using Grouped Outcomes Latent Factor Regression with Latent Predictors
Hassanzadeh, A., Heidari, Z., Feizi, A., Keshteli, A. H., Roohafza, H., Afshar, H., & Adibi, P. (2017) · Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine · doi:10.1155/2017/3457103 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Building capacity and resilience in the dementia care workforce: a systematic review of interventions targeting worker and organizational outcomes
Elliott, K.-E., Scott, J. L., Stirling, C., Martin, A. J., & Robinson, A. (2012) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610211002651 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Till stress do us part: On the interplay between perceived stress and communication network dynamics.
Kalish, Y., Luria, G., Toker, S., & Westman, M. (2015) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000023 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Associations of psychosocial working conditions with health outcomes, quality of care and intentions to leave the profession: results from a cross-sectional study among physician assistants in Germany
Vu-Eickmann, P., Li, J., Müller, A., Angerer, P., & Loerbroks, A. (2018) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-018-1309-4 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Beyond the individual: A systematic review of the effects of unit-level demands and resources on employee productivity, health, and well-being.
Roczniewska, M. A., Smoktunowicz, E., Coo, C., Schwarz, U. V. T., Hasson, H., & Richter, A. (2021) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/ocp0000311 · Cited by 73 · see citing works

The Relation between Work-related Psychosocial Factors and the Development of Depression
Netterstrom, B., Conrad, N., Bech, P., Fink, P., Olsen, O., Rugulies, R., & Stansfeld, S. (2008) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxn004 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Are depressive disorders caused by psychosocial stressors at work? A systematic review with metaanalysis
Mikkelsen, S., Coggon, D., Andersen, J. H., Casey, P., Flachs, E. M., Kolstad, H. A., Mors, O. N., & Bonde, J. P. (2021) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-021-00725-9 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citation
Does job strain interact with psychosocial factors outside of the workplace in relation to the risk of major depression? The Canadian National Population Health Survey
Wang, J., & Schmitz, N. (2010) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-010-0224-0 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Major Depressive Episodes and Work Stress: Results From a National Population Survey
Blackmore, E. R., Stansfeld, S. A., Weller, I. M. R., Munce, S., Zagorski, B., & Stewart, D. E. (2007) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2006.104406 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Work stress as a risk factor for major depressive episode(s)
Wang, J. (2004) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291704003241 · Cited by 269 · see citing works

Authors: Bonde, J. P. E.
Affiliations: Aarhus University Hospital (DK)
Corresponding author: Bonde, J P E
ORCID: Bonde, J P E
Venue: Occupational and Environmental Medicine
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 2008-04-16
Volume: 65
Issue: 7
Pages: 438-445
ISSN: 0007-1072 (ISSN-L)
1351-0711
1470-7926
DOI: 10.1136/oem.2007.038430
OpenAlex: W2149581099
Cited by: 919
References: 39
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 70 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 79 · 2014: 85 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 67
FWCI: 6.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Occupational and Environmental Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Workplace Health and Well-being
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Employment and Welfare Studies
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Burnout
Keywords: major depressive disorder, psychosocial stressors, occupational stress, job strain, depressive symptoms, workplace mental health, job demands, job control, causality, confounding, follow-up study
MeSH terms: Decision Making, Depression, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Occupational Diseases, Occupations, Psychology, Risk, Stress, Psychological, Odds Ratio

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Psychosocial factors at work and risk of depression: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks