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Predicting Cross-National Levels of Social Trust: Global Pattern or Nordic Exceptionalism?
Abstract
This analysis of variations in the level of generalized social trust (defined here as the belief that others will not deliberately or knowingly do us harm, if they can avoid it, and will look after our interests, if this is possible) in 60 nations of the world shows that trust is an integral part of a tight syndrome of social, political and economic conditions. High trust countries are characterized by ethnic homogeneity, Protestant religious traditions, good government, wealth (gross domestic product per capita), and income equality. This combination is most marked in the high trust Nordic countries but the same general pattern is found in the remaining 55 countries, albeit in a weaker form. Rural societies have comparatively low levels of generalized trust but large-scale urban societies do not. Cause and effect relations are impossible to specify exactly but ethnic homogeneity and Protestant traditions seem to have a direct impact on trust, and an indirect one through their consequences for good government, wealth and income equality. The importance of ethnic homogeneity also suggests that the difference between particularized and generalized trust may be one of degree rather than kind.
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“Since social trust largely rests upon perceived similarities and a sense of familiarity, religious diversity may lead to a decrease in regional trust levels”
From Moral Communities? Religion as a Source of Social Trust in a Multilevel Analysis of 97 German Regions (2011) · cites this paper as Delhey and Newton, 2005
In the citing paper
“the confounding effects of religious traditions and political institutions on social trust (Delhey and Newton, 2005) are elegantly disentangled in our case by holding the latter constant.”
From Moral Communities? Religion as a Source of Social Trust in a Multilevel Analysis of 97 German Regions (2011) · cites this paper as Delhey and Newton, 2005
In the citing paper
“greater ethnic heterogeneity seems to be associated with lower stocks of social capital”
From Moral Communities? Religion as a Source of Social Trust in a Multilevel Analysis of 97 German Regions (2011) · cites this paper as Delhey and Newton, 2005
In the citing paper
“Our results are similar to those of Delhey and Newton (2005) and Dincer and Wang (2011) in that they show that in going from complete ethnic homogeneity to complete ethnic heterogeneity, financial development is sharply reduced.”
From Diversity Matters in the World of Finance: Does Ethnic and Religious Diversity Hinder Financial Development in Developing Countries? (2025) · cites this paper as Delhey and Newton 2005
In the citing paper
“Protestantism, which played a prominent role in Nordic history”
From Trust, transparency, and openness: How inclusion of cultural values shapes Nordic national public policy strategies for artificial intelligence (AI) (2020) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“imbued societal interactions with a nonhierarchical quality that allowed social trust to flourish [33,34]”
From Trust, transparency, and openness: How inclusion of cultural values shapes Nordic national public policy strategies for artificial intelligence (AI) (2020) · cites this paper as [33]
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“To summarize the theoretical trust literature, social and political trust dimensions are closely associated and mutually supportive (Sztompka, 2000; Dekker and Uslaner 2001; O'Neill, 2002; Uslaner, 2002; Rothstein and Stolle, 2003; Newton, 2007; Delhey and Newton, 2002; Delhey and Newton, 2005).”
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“…generalised trust, along both axes, have been found to correlate with civic participation (Brehm and Rahn, 1997) and well-functioning institutions (Delhey and Newton, 2005), and to inversely correlate with corruption (Uslaner, 2013), violent crime (Lederman et al, 2002) and income inequality…”
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“It can also have indirect effects through the erosion of social and political trust that may result from the atrophy of shared beliefs in individual opportunities and meritocratic rewards and the growing social and cultural distance between groups within society (Delhey and Newton, 2005).”
BackgroundThe effects of executive constraints on political trust
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“…segmentation is combined with more extensive EPL, which is however often only weakly and selectively enforced (Cazes and Nesporova, 2004; Delhey and Newton, 2005).4 Given the early stage of research on post-socialist welfare regimes, the inclusion of these countries is a specific…”
BackgroundSocial trust: its concepts, determinants, roles, and raising ways
The level of social trust in a country, including both interpersonal and institutional trust, factors., I. B. U. O. T. B. A. N. O., provides a graphical overview of social trust, types, I., determinants, A. I., as examined in this chapter. With regard to interpersonal trust, one, T. A. T. B. S. O. T. O. T. D. T. F., theory, R. T. A. T. I.-O., takes the view that interpersonal trust is an individual property associated with individual characteristics including individuals’ personality traits (including morality) and their social and demographic features such as age, et al. (2019) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781784719609.00008 · Cited by 21
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“…Historical studies that cannot draw on surveys or use experiments may use instrumental variables, such as the average density of voluntary organizations (Bjørnskov 2006; Putnam 2000), or exemplify institutional changes associated with trust, such as education (Delhey and Newton 2005; Leigh 2006).”
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Self-citationThe Macro Perspective on Generalized Trust
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“This is the common measure of trust used in the generalized trust literature (e.g., Delhey & Newton, 2005; Gheorghiu, Vignoles, & Smith, 2009; Glanville & Paxton, 2007; Nannestad, 2008; Neville, 2012; Realo, Allik, & Greenfield, 2008; Robbins, 2012b; Uslaner, 2002).”
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“So is the association with satisfaction with the democratic process and influence with government, inasmuch as they are captured by other measures of government effectiveness (Delhey and Newton 2005; Tyler 1998).”
BackgroundSocial dominance orientation and trust propensity in street gangs
Densley, J. A., Cai, T., & Hilal, S. M. (2014) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430214533161 · Cited by 25
“…seem to be consistent and stable over time, and evidence shows the variables present almost the same values even when controlling for respondents’ experience (Delhey & Newton, 2005; Glaeser, Laibson, Scheinkman, & Soutter, 2000; Miller & Mitamura, 2003; Nannestad, 2008; Reeskens & Hooghe, 2008).”
BackgroundCheung, C., Lo, T. W., & Liu, E. S.-C. (2015) · Journal of Social Service Research · doi:10.1080/01488376.2015.1078267 · Cited by 20
“This suspicion also echoes that about the contribution of voluntary association participation to social trust (Delhey & Newton, 2005; Rothstein, 2005).”
BackgroundKaltenborn, B. P., Krange, O., & Tangeland, T. (2017) · Futures · doi:10.1016/j.futures.2017.04.005 · Cited by 19
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The Foundations of Individuals' Generalized Social Trust: A ReviewPreprint
Bekkers, R. (2016) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/umdxg · Cited by 18
“Dinesen (2012b) provides some evidence for this as he shows that trust of first generation immigrants from Turkey, Italy and Poland in high-trusting countries in Northern Europe is significantly higher than that of natives in their ancestral country (although still lower than natives in the destination country) (see N…”
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“org 4 September 2020 | Volume 11 | Article 591498 people, because the greater the perception of similarity of other people, the more they are trusted (Delhey and Newton, 2005).”
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“This association is consistent with previous work (Alesina & La Ferrara, 2002; Costa & Kahn, 2003; Delhey & Newton, 2005; Putnam, 2007) and provided support for the racial threat hypothesis (Rudolph & Popp, 2010; Taylor, 1998).”
ResultDiscrimination experience, family relations, and generalized trust in China
Fan, X. (2018) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.10.009 · Cited by 17
Lu, Y., & Yang, X. Y. (2020) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146520904373 · Cited by 20
“Religious fractionalization is often measured with a variant of the Herfindahl index (e.g., Delhey and Newton 2005; Grim and Finke 2007).”
MethodIs social capital as a determinant of community attachment?
Kao, Y., & Sápp, S. G. (2020) · Sociological Spectrum · doi:10.1080/02732173.2020.1748149 · Cited by 17
“Specifically, we divided social capital into bonding social capital, bridging social capital (Woolcock 1998; Putnam 2000; Portes and Sensenbrenner 1993; Flora et al. 2003), and trust (Uphoff 2000; Alesina and La Ferrara 2000; Delhey and Newton 2005; Anderson and Paskeviciute 2006).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe Senshu social well-being review
専修大学社会知性開発研究センター, & 専修大学社会知性開発研究センターソーシャル・ウェルビーイング研究センター (2015) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 17
Trust and Life Satisfaction in Eastern and Western Europe
Mueller, G. P. (2008) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8569-7_11 · Cited by 17
Testing The Pearl Hypothesis: Natural resources and trust
Kolstad, I., & Wiig, A. (2012) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2012.04.003 · Cited by 19
Trust and economic performance
Niazi, A., & Hassan, H. (2016) · Review of International Business and Strategy · doi:10.1108/ribs-02-2016-0010 · Cited by 17
Wang, Y., & Li, L. M. W. (2019) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2019.1658569 · Cited by 16
“Numerous studies show that trust is beneficial for individuals, organizations, and society across different domains (Colquitt, Scott, & LePine, 2007; Delhey & Newton, 2005; Glaeser, 2016; Uslaner, 2002).”
BackgroundIndividual Religiosity, Religious Context, and the Creation of Social Trust in Germany
Traunmüller, R. (2009) · Journal of Contextual Economics – Schmollers Jahrbuch · doi:10.3790/schm.129.2.357 · Cited by 17
From Babel to Brussels: European Integration and the Importance of Transnational Linguistic CapitalPreprint
Gerhards, J. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2156812 · Cited by 19
Which Type of Trust Matters?: Interpersonal vs. Institutional vs. Political TrustPreprint
Hwang, I. D. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2967051 · Cited by 17
Economic conditions and native-immigrant asymmetries in generalized social trust
Ziller, C., & Heizmann, B. (2019) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.102399 · Cited by 17
“Word count 8,072 Keywords Immigration; Social Integration; Ethnic discrimination Generalized social trust can be defined as a perception that (unknown) others will behave in a reliable and just manner, rather than being selfish or acting against one’s interests (Delhey and Newton 2005).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialState Support for Religion and Social Trust
Fox, J., Eisenstein, M. A., & Breslawski, J. (2022) · Political Studies · doi:10.1177/00323217221102826 · Cited by 16
“Most previous findings show that those living in democratic countries have higher levels of social trust (Delhey and Newton, 2005; Inglehart, 1999; Knack and Keefer, 1997; Newton, 2001; Paxton, 2002).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialExchange and the Creation of Trust and Solidarity across Cultures
Harkness, S. K., Cheshire, C., Cook, K. S., Stoica, C. A., & State, B. (2022) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/01902725221120806 · Cited by 18
Diversity enforces social exclusion: Does exclusion never cease?
Amin, S. (2019) · Journal of Social Inclusion · doi:10.36251/josi.161 · Cited by 16
“These results are similar to Delhey and Newton (2005) and Dincer and Wang (2011) where they argued that diversity diminishes economic development and quality of institution because the ethnocentric members of an ethnic group favour their group members over others (Glaeser & Saks, 2006; Nafziger &…”
ResultLundåsen, S. W. (2021) · VOLUNTAS International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations · doi:10.1007/s11266-021-00353-7 · Cited by 16
“Sweden ranks among the most secularized countries in the world (de Hart et al., 2013; Delhey & Newton, 2005), and in 2000, the Church of Sweden was formally separated from the central state, ending a nearly 500-year union.”
BackgroundReligion and Diasporas: Challenges of the Emigration Countries
Césari, J. (2017) · Global migration issues · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56176-9_8 · Cited by 16
Metadata
- Authors
- Delhey, J., & Newton, K.
- Affiliations
- WZB Berlin Social Science Center (DE)
- University of Southampton (GB)
- ORCID
- Delhey, Jan
- Venue
- European Sociological Review
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2005-06-06
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 311-327
- ISSN
- 0266-7215 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-2672
- OpenAlex
- W2062841522
- Semantic Scholar
- a6d11bebc50daf14e2d5b9849ca4dc9cdd5d05f9
- Cited by
- 1,267
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 90 · 2021: 102 · 2020: 99 · 2019: 63 · 2018: 74 · 2017: 69 · 2016: 67 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 80 · 2013: 71 · 2012: 55
- FWCI
- 68.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Sociological Review (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Capital and Networks
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Social Policy and Reform Studies
- Keywords
- generalized trust, cross-national variation, ethnic homogeneity, Protestantism, good government, wealth, income equality, urbanization, particularized trust, Nordic exceptionalism, determinants of trust
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