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Predicting Cross-National Levels of Social Trust: Global Pattern or Nordic Exceptionalism?
Abstract
This analysis of variations in the level of generalized social trust (defined here as the belief that others will not deliberately or knowingly do us harm, if they can avoid it, and will look after our interests, if this is possible) in 60 nations of the world shows that trust is an integral part of a tight syndrome of social, political and economic conditions. High trust countries are characterized by ethnic homogeneity, Protestant religious traditions, good government, wealth (gross domestic product per capita), and income equality. This combination is most marked in the high trust Nordic countries but the same general pattern is found in the remaining 55 countries, albeit in a weaker form. Rural societies have comparatively low levels of generalized trust but large-scale urban societies do not. Cause and effect relations are impossible to specify exactly but ethnic homogeneity and Protestant traditions seem to have a direct impact on trust, and an indirect one through their consequences for good government, wealth and income equality. The importance of ethnic homogeneity also suggests that the difference between particularized and generalized trust may be one of degree rather than kind.
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“Since social trust largely rests upon perceived similarities and a sense of familiarity, religious diversity may lead to a decrease in regional trust levels”
From Moral Communities? Religion as a Source of Social Trust in a Multilevel Analysis of 97 German Regions (2011) · cites this paper as Delhey and Newton, 2005
In the citing paper
“the confounding effects of religious traditions and political institutions on social trust (Delhey and Newton, 2005) are elegantly disentangled in our case by holding the latter constant.”
From Moral Communities? Religion as a Source of Social Trust in a Multilevel Analysis of 97 German Regions (2011) · cites this paper as Delhey and Newton, 2005
In the citing paper
“greater ethnic heterogeneity seems to be associated with lower stocks of social capital”
From Moral Communities? Religion as a Source of Social Trust in a Multilevel Analysis of 97 German Regions (2011) · cites this paper as Delhey and Newton, 2005
In the citing paper
“Our results are similar to those of Delhey and Newton (2005) and Dincer and Wang (2011) in that they show that in going from complete ethnic homogeneity to complete ethnic heterogeneity, financial development is sharply reduced.”
From Diversity Matters in the World of Finance: Does Ethnic and Religious Diversity Hinder Financial Development in Developing Countries? (2025) · cites this paper as Delhey and Newton 2005
In the citing paper
“Protestantism, which played a prominent role in Nordic history”
From Trust, transparency, and openness: How inclusion of cultural values shapes Nordic national public policy strategies for artificial intelligence (AI) (2020) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“imbued societal interactions with a nonhierarchical quality that allowed social trust to flourish [33,34]”
From Trust, transparency, and openness: How inclusion of cultural values shapes Nordic national public policy strategies for artificial intelligence (AI) (2020) · cites this paper as [33]
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BackgroundProcess Views of Trusting and CrisesPreprint
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“For instance, Delhey and Newton used questionnaires to measure ST and concluded that the resources and wealth possessed by individuals are significantly, positively correlated with their level of trust [28].”
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Kyriacou, A. P. (2024) · Journal of Economic Surveys · doi:10.1111/joes.12623 · Cited by 15
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BackgroundResilience or decline of informal networks? Examining the role of trust context in network societies
Horak, S., Klein, A., Ahlström, D., & Li, X. (2024) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2024.102301 · Cited by 18
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Svendsen, G. L. H., & Svendsen, G. T. (2016) · Economic Systems · doi:10.1016/j.ecosys.2016.03.001 · Cited by 15
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“One mitigating factor here might be that the this study is mainly situated in a Scan-dinavian context, where societal trust is at a high level (Delhey & Newton, 2005).”
BackgroundSocial Trust and Value Similarity: the Relationship between Social Trust and Human Values in Europe
Beilmann, M., & Lilleoja, L. (2025) · Studies of transition states and societies · doi:10.58036/stss.v7i2.267 · Cited by 15
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On the relationship between subjective inequality and generalized trust
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Macek, J., Macková, A., Pavlopoulos, V., et al. (2017) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2017.1398079 · Cited by 15
“Furthermore, different forms of trust are unevenly distributed across different countries (Delhey & Newton, 2005).”
BackgroundErlingsson, G. Ó., & Lundåsen, S. W. (2019) · Governance · doi:10.1111/gove.12463 · Cited by 15
Gleave, E., Robbins, B. G., & Kolko, B. E. (2011) · International Political Science Review · doi:10.1177/0192512110379491 · Cited by 17
“…aggregates the trust question or uses multilevel models employs data from the WVS, EVS, or both (Berggren and Jordahl, 2006; Bjørnskov, 2007, 2008; Delhey and Newton, 2005; Freitag and Bühlmann, 2009; Herreros and Criado, 2008; Hooghe et al., 2009; Knack and Keefer, 1997; Zak and Knack, 2001).”
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Xu, C. (2021) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2021.102450 · Cited by 28
Lundåsen, S. W. (2022) · Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de l integration et de la migration internationale · doi:10.1007/s12134-021-00932-z · Cited by 14
“The Swedish case offers an interesting empirical setting as the country has changed from being regarded by external observers (Delhey & Newton, 2005) as being religiously and ethnically quite homogeneous to becoming more diverse.”
BackgroundChen, J., & Zhao, D. (2022) · Structural Change and Economic Dynamics · doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2022.02.010 · Cited by 14
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Han, S. (2024) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-024-03481-x · Cited by 14
“…such as education, age, sex, marital status (Alesina & La Ferrara, 2002; Brehm & Rahn, 1997; Helliwell & Putnam, 2007; How-ard and Gilbert, 2008; Thomson and Rafiqi, 2020), religion (Putnam & Campbell, 2010; Welch et al., 2004), and political orientation (Delhey & Newton, 2005; Newton, 2001).”
Labour Market Insecurity and Generalized Trust in Welfare State Context
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“In theory, a difference is made between generalised and particularised trust on the basis of criteria ‘in whom we trust’ (Uslaner 1999; Stolle 2002; Delhey and Newton 2005).”
BackgroundQuality of local government and social trust in European cities
Ziller, C., & Andreß, H. (2021) · Urban Studies · doi:10.1177/00420980211019613 · Cited by 15
“Contextual foundations of social trust Previous research on social trust using comparative survey data has largely focused on economic and institutional factors (Alesina and La Ferrara, 2002; Delhey and Newton, 2005).”
BackgroundZhang, P., Madni, G. R., Anwar, M. A., & Yasin, I. (2023) · Journal of the Knowledge Economy · doi:10.1007/s13132-023-01195-y · Cited by 14
“Using cross-country data, some studies found a negative relation between diversity and trust so ethnically diverse societies have lack of trust which deteriorates the economic performance of an economy (Delhey & Newton, 2005; Dincer & Uslaner, 2010; Glaeser & Saks, 2006; Knack & Keefer, 1997).”
Ferguson, E., Spence, A., Townsend, E., Prowse, C., Palmer, J., Fleming, P., & van Hilten, J. A. (2009) · Transfusion · doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02179.x · Cited by 14
“The United Kingdom is characterized as a low to medium trust society while many other European countries (including The Netherlands), in particular Nordic countries, are higher-trust societies.(14)”
BackgroundEvidence from Lagos on Discrimination across Ethnic and Class Identities in Informal Trade
Grossman, S., & Honig, D. (2017) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.033 · Cited by 14
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“The argument was that this system conformed better with the other systems used in Europe and the United States.”
BackgroundInfluentialGeneralized Trust: The Macro Perspective
Paldam, M. (2011) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230306189_13 · Cited by 14
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“One is social-psychological: greater income inequality negatively affects the sense of solidarity and understanding of others’ needs (Delhey & Newton, 2005) and may also diminish optimism towards the future and a sense of control over one’s life.”
BackgroundThe Fundamentals of Social Capital
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“…diversity as one of the main causes of distrust and polarization in societies (Abanes et al. 2014 ; Burchi et al. 2022 ; Churchill and Smyth 2020 ; Delhey and Newton 2005 ; Ferroni et al. 2008 ; Schaap 2021 ; Spadaro et al. 2020 ; Stolle et al. 2008 ; Zimdars and Tampubolon 2012 ) Social capital…”
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Gelovani, S., Theocharis, Y., Koç-Michalska, K., & Bimber, B. (2024) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2024.2375259 · Cited by 16
“It may also lead to lower social trust (Alesina & La Ferrara, 2002; Delhey & Newton, 2005), lower cooperation levels and fewer manifestations of altruism towards outgroups as compared to ingroups (Putnam, 2007).”
Lim, D., Oh, J.-M., & Kwon, G. (2016) · International Review of Public Administration · doi:10.1080/12294659.2016.1189196 · Cited by 13
“Delhey and Newton (2005) argue that people consider similarities and period of duration when they determine to trust others, and develop an expectation of repeated interaction in the future.”
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Hunter, L. M., Talbot, C. B., Connor, D. S., et al. (2020) · Population Research and Policy Review · doi:10.1007/s11113-020-09609-4 · Cited by 13
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Yeganeh, H. (2021) · International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy · doi:10.1108/ijssp-10-2020-0479 · Cited by 13
Measuring particularized trust: A name generator approach
Robbins, B. G. (2022) · Social Networks · doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2022.09.007 · Cited by 12
What if performance accountability mechanisms engender distrust?
Johansson, V., & Montin, S. (2014) · Urban Research & Practice · doi:10.1080/17535069.2014.910925 · Cited by 13
Bol, D., Harfst, P., Blais, A., et al. (2016) · European Union Politics · doi:10.1177/1465116516630151 · Cited by 13
“This result might be due to the fact that Swedish citizens, just as those of other Nordic countries, show exceptionally high levels of social trust towards foreigners (Delhey and Newton, 2005).”
BackgroundHuman Rights: Why Countries Differ
Rindermann, H., & Carl, N. (2018) · Comparative Sociology · doi:10.1163/15691330-12341451 · Cited by 13
“Other studies have documented that, in Protestant countries, trust is higher, corruption is lower and levels of social and economic freedom are higher (Delhey & Newton, 2005; Harrison, 2013).”
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Aldan, P., & Soley, G. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2018.11.007 · Cited by 14
Choi, S., & Lee, M. (2020) · International Journal of Educational Development · doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2020.102301 · Cited by 13
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Trägårdh, L. (2013) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137368812_10 · Cited by 13
Trust, institutions and the 'generally speaking question': a reply to Uslaner
Beugelsdijk, S. (2008) · Cambridge Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/cje/bem060 · Cited by 13
Macroeconomic Imbalances: A Question of Trust?Preprint
Bützer, S., Jordan, C., & Stracca, L. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2311266 · Cited by 13
“Delhey and Newton (2005) analyse the origins of trust in sixty countries and find that countries with high levels of trust tend to exhibit ethnic homogeneity, Protestant religious traditions, good government, relatively high GDP per capita and income equality.”
Trust, Welfare States and Income Equality: What Causes What?Preprint
Bergh, A., & Bjørnskov, C. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2393674 · Cited by 13
“31 Bjørnskov (2007), Bjørnskov (2008), Delhey and Newton (2005), Knack and Keefer (1997), Nannestad (2008), Uslaner (2002).”
Social Capital, Trust, and Economic Growth
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“Although there is a variety of de fi nitions of trust (Dasgupta, 1999, p. 5 in Ostrom, 1998, p. 12; Misztal, 1996, p. 16; Delhey & Newton, 2005, p. 311), the current research distinguishes between three different forms: interpersonal or generalized trust, thick trust, and systemic or institutional…”
Reyes, J. A. L. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13031294 · Cited by 13
“Similarly, a cross-national study on social trust that employed the World Values Survey 1990 and 1996 waves found that among 60 nations, the Nordic countries consistently had the highest levels of trust [93]—in line with the findings of this paper.”
ResultLo, C., Breimo, J. P., & Turba, H. (2021) · Public Management Review · doi:10.1080/14719037.2021.1899273 · Cited by 12
“Yet, as many extensive reviews across disciplines have concluded, there is no comprehensive theory of trust, but rather a variety of partial approaches (Delhey and Newton 2005; Misztal 1996; Oomsels and Bouckaert 2014).”
BackgroundSocial ties, trust and the geography of discontent
McKay, L., Jennings, W., & Stoker, G. (2023) · Cambridge Journal of Regions Economy and Society · doi:10.1093/cjres/rsad043 · Cited by 16
Landesvatter, C., & Bauer, P. C. (2024) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/00491241241234871 · Cited by 14
“…the validity of these measures, particularly regarding their ability to capture the same concept across all individuals (Bauer and Freitag 2018; Delhey and Newton 2005; Delhey, Newton, and Welzel 2011; Ermisch et al. 2009; Nannestad 2008; Robbins 2019; Sturgis and Smith 2010; Torpe and Lolle…”
Beugelsdijk, S., van Herk, H., & Maseland, R. (2022) · JCMS Journal of Common Market Studies · doi:10.1111/jcms.13342 · Cited by 12
“This question has been used extensively in the trust literature (for example Delhey and Newton, 2005; Fukuyama, 1995; Putnam, 1993, 2000).”
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Between Atomistic and Participatory Democracy
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“Author Armony (2004) Brehm and Rahn (1997) Curtis, Grabb, and Baer (2001) Dekker and van den Broek (2005) Delhey and Newton (2005) Howard and Gilbert (2008) Data WVS 1991 GSS WVS 1991-1993 WVS, all waves WVS 1990 & 1995 ESS & CID Countries 28 1 (United States) 33 12 60 20 VA & Trust?”
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“Computing these restrictions from the dynamic system (16)–(25) we end up with”
InfluentialObert, P., Theocharis, Y., & van Deth, J. W. (2018) · Policy Studies · doi:10.1080/01442872.2018.1533109 · Cited by 12
“…show that higher levels of social capital can be found in democratic states with well-functioning political institutions (Berggren and Jordahl 2006; Delhey and Newton 2005; Rothstein and Teorell 2008), in strong, just, and impartial welfare states (Kääriäinen and Lehtonen 2006; Rothstein 2001; Van…”
BackgroundJegermalm, M., Hermansen, J., & Fladmoe, A. (2018) · Nonprofit and civil society studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-98717-0_4 · Cited by 12
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“Generalized trust captures the belief that others will not “deliberately or knowingly do us harm,” paving the way for broader forms of collective action to occur (Delhey and Newton, 2005: 311).”
BackgroundPredictors of fossil fuel taxation attitudes across post-communist and other Europe
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“Generalized trust can be defined as a belief that others do not want to harm us but want to look after our interests (Delhey and Newton, 2005).”
BackgroundResidential Segregation and Social Trust of Immigrants and Natives: Evidence From the Netherlands
Ziller, C., & Spörlein, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2020.00045 · Cited by 12
“…a term which describes the general expectation that (unknown) others will behave in a reliable and just manner, rather than being selfish or acting against one’s interests (e.g., Delhey and Newton, 2005; Gundelach and Traunmüller, 2013; Laurence, 2013; Van der Meer and Tolsma, 2014; Ziller, 2015).”
BackgroundIs the Universal Welfare State a Cause or an Effect of Social Capital
Rothstein, B. (2008) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University) · Cited by 12
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Do South African townships lack entrepreneurial spirit?
Preisendörfer, P., Perks, S., & Bezuidenhout, F. J. (2014) · International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business · doi:10.1504/ijesb.2014.062499 · Cited by 12
“Referring to a question often used in international surveys (Delhey and Newton, 2005; Newton, 2001), the respondents were asked: ‘Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted, or that you need to be very careful in dealing with people?’ Only 6% of the respondents answered that most people can be t…”
BackgroundMethodZimdars, A. K., & Tampubolon, G. (2012) · Sociological Research Online · doi:10.5153/sro.2643 · Cited by 12
Explaining the Emergence of Social Trust: Denmark and Germany
Svendsen, G. L. H., Svendsen, G. T., & Graeff, P. (2012) · University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) · doi:10.12759/hsr.37.2012.3.351-367 · Cited by 12
Investors’ trust and financial participation: Latent difficulty measurement
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Maassen, P. A. M., & Stensaker, B. (2021) · Higher education dynamics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-87037-9_2 · Cited by 11
Feng, K., Karreman, B., Zeng, D., et al. (2022) · The Journal of Technology Transfer · doi:10.1007/s10961-022-09972-8 · Cited by 11
“As a complex social heuristic, trust involves relationships in which partners do not act at the expense of others for their own benefit (Delhey & Newton, 2005).”
Social capital and its role in poverty reduction: a Canadian-based analysis
Weaver, R. D. (2012) · Journal of Comparative Social Welfare · doi:10.1080/17486831.2012.636257 · Cited by 11
“…a relationship between trust and economic well-being, three of them (Alesina & La Ferrara, 2002; Costa & Khan, 2003; Franzini et al., 2005) were American-based, one (Bahry et al., 2005) pertained to residents of Russia, and one (Delhey & Newton, 2005) involved analyzing data from 60 nations.”
BackgroundAntecedents of Trust among Citizens and Non-citizens in Qatar
Diop, A., Jardina, A. E., Tessler, M., & Wittrock, J. N. (2016) · Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de l integration et de la migration internationale · doi:10.1007/s12134-016-0474-0 · Cited by 11
Yang, G., Badri, M. A., Albahar, M., & Rashdi, A. A. (2020) · Asian Social Work and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/aswp.12217 · Cited by 11
Immerfall, S., Priller, E., & Delhey, J. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-88199-7_2 · Cited by 12
Self-citationChanges in marital status and links to self-rated health: A study of temporal relationships
Jhang, F. (2017) · The Social Science Journal · doi:10.1016/j.soscij.2017.08.001 · Cited by 11
“On the other hand, despite one of core values, trusting in others, emphasized in Confucian culture (Delhey & Newton, 2005), there are apparent differences in generalized trust (Tan & Tambyah, 2011; Ward et al. 2014) and bonding trust (Hsung, 2014) among Asian countries.”
BackgroundThe Hidden Costs of Mental Depression: Implications on Social Trust and Life Satisfaction
Hsieh, C., Liu, S., & Qin, X. (2018) · Manchester School · doi:10.1111/manc.12251 · Cited by 12
Dinesen, P. T., & Sønderskov, K. M. (2012) · Politica · doi:10.7146/politica.v44i1.69939 · Cited by 11
Hu, A. (2020) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1111/1468-4446.12798 · Cited by 11
Robbins, B. G. (2021) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/00491241211055765 · Cited by 13
“…and political institutions are robust, generalized trust tends to fl ourish (Berggren and Jordahl 2006; Bjørnskov 2007; Brehm and Rahn 1997; Delhey and Newton 2005; Dinesen 2012a, 2012b, 2013; Dinesen and Hooghe 2010; Fairbrother and Martin 2013; Freitag and Buhlmann 2009; Glanville et…”
BackgroundAn empirical examination of the determinants of trust in Ghana
Sulemana, I., & Issifu, I. (2015) · International Journal of Social Economics · doi:10.1108/ijse-03-2014-0060 · Cited by 11
Trust in Diverse, Integrated, Cities: A Revisionist PerspectivePreprint
Rothwell, J. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1358647 · Cited by 11
Quality of Democracy Around the Globe : A Comparative Study
Högström, J. (2013) · Diva portal (Dalarna University Library) · Cited by 11
Causes of generalized social trust: An innovative cross-national evaluation
van der Veld, W. M., & Saris, W. E. (2009) · Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) · Cited by 11
Assessing the impact of social trust on attitudes towards immigrants: evidence from Brazil
dos Santos, W. M., Steiner, A. Q., Alves, E. E. C., et al. (2024) · Discover Global Society · doi:10.1007/s44282-024-00079-z · Cited by 10
Does inequality erode political trust?
Bienstman, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Political Science · doi:10.3389/fpos.2023.1197317 · Cited by 10
Tan, L. P., Choe, K.-L., Choong, Y. O., Ng, Y. K., Rungruang, P., & Li, Z. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05254-0 · Cited by 12
“Scholars (e.g., Costa & Kahn, 2003 ; Delhey & Newton, 2005) have pointed out that due to the ethnicity and cultural differences in this society, people in a heterogeneous society generally have low trust in themselves which adversely affect their tendency to reciprocate favors received from other…”
Exploring the links between HIV/AIDS, social capital and development
David, A. C., & Li, C. A. (2010) · Journal of International Development · doi:10.1002/jid.1707 · Cited by 10
“9 See Allum et al (2007) and Delhey and Newton (2005) and Rothstein and Uslaner (2005) for a discussion about why these countries are top in the trust ranking.”
BackgroundIndividual trust and quality of regional government
Lombardo, R., & Ricotta, F. (2021) · Journal of Institutional Economics · doi:10.1017/s1744137421000801 · Cited by 10
“The positive relationship between per capita GDP and trust found at the country level (Delhey and Newton, 2005; Zak and Knack, 2001) is confirmed at the regional level: the wealthier the region, the higher the level of trust among its citizens.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialJenkner, C. S., Ravi, N., Gabel, M., & Vogt, J. (2022) · The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries · doi:10.1002/isd2.12208 · Cited by 11
Trends in Estonian media landscape in 2000–2012
Vihalemm, P., Lauristin, M., & Kõuts-Klemm, R. (2012) · Media Transformations · doi:10.7220/2029-865x.06.02 · Cited by 10
Li, M., Tao, R., & Su, F. (2019) · Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0899764019868848 · Cited by 10
“For example, scholars find that certain structural features, such as a traumatic past, ethnic heterogeneity, and income inequality, are associated with lower level of trust in these communities (Alesina & Ferrara, 2000; Delhey & Newton, 2005; Okten & Osili, 2004).”
BackgroundA study on the social and economic sustainability of rewards-based crowdfunding in Africa
Onginjo, J. O., & Mei, Z. D. (2022) · Environment Development and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s10668-022-02451-y · Cited by 10
“Delhey and Newton (2005) established that ethnic homogeneity and cultural traditions had a significant direct and indirect impact on trust as a trickle-down effect of wealth and income equality through the establishment of good governance.”
BackgroundEmpirical Studies on the Economic Impact of Trust
de Bliek, R. (2011) · RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) · Cited by 10
Natural resources, corruption and trust: A complex relationship
Kolstad, I., & Wiig, A. (2011) · BIBSYS Brage (BIBSYS (Norway)) · Cited by 10
It is Too Dangerous to be an Individual in Turkey
Lindgaard, J. (2017) · Palgrave studies in communication for social change · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-51853-4_7 · Cited by 9
The Tenacity of the Couple-Norm
Roseneil, S., Crowhurst, I., Hellesund, T., Santos, A. C., & Stoilova, M. (2020) · UCL Press eBooks · doi:10.14324/111.9781787358898 · Cited by 36
Pseudo-community trust and member self-disclosure: An empirical study
Chen, R., Zolbanin, H. M., & Gentina, É. (2024) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2024.104001 · Cited by 9
Kleiner, T. (2016) · Comparative Sociology · doi:10.1163/15691330-12341375 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Delhey, J., & Newton, K.
- Affiliations
- WZB Berlin Social Science Center (DE)
- University of Southampton (GB)
- ORCID
- Delhey, Jan
- Venue
- European Sociological Review
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2005-06-06
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 311-327
- ISSN
- 0266-7215 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-2672
- OpenAlex
- W2062841522
- Semantic Scholar
- a6d11bebc50daf14e2d5b9849ca4dc9cdd5d05f9
- Cited by
- 1,267
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 90 · 2021: 102 · 2020: 99 · 2019: 63 · 2018: 74 · 2017: 69 · 2016: 67 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 80 · 2013: 71 · 2012: 55
- FWCI
- 68.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Sociological Review (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Capital and Networks
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Social Policy and Reform Studies
- Keywords
- generalized trust, cross-national variation, ethnic homogeneity, Protestantism, good government, wealth, income equality, urbanization, particularized trust, Nordic exceptionalism, determinants of trust
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