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Potential for Gross Muscle Hypertrophy in Older Men
Abstract
The time course of strength gain with respect to the contributions of neural factors and hypertrophy was studied in five young men and five older men during the course of 8 weeks progressive strength training. Young and old men showed similar and significant percentage increases in strength. However, the neurophysiological adaptations in response to the training were quite different. Increases in maximal muscle activation (neural factors) played a dominant role throughout the training for old subjects, while young subjects showed strength gains due to neural factors only at the initial stage, with hypertrophy becoming the dominant factor after some 4 weeks of training. Our data suggest that the effect of muscle training in the old may entirely rest on the neural factors presumably acting of various levels of the nervous system which could result in increasing the maximal muscle activation level in the absence of significant hypertrophy.
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“It is well known that resistance exercise preferentially improves neural factors during early periods of resistance training before adaptations in muscular factors such as muscle hypertrophy (1).”
From Modulation of Neural and Muscular Adaptation Processes During Resistance Training by Fish Protein Ingestions in Older Adults (2020) · cites this paper as [1]
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“Regarding the training intervention to older adults, adaptations in neural factors highly contribute to improvement in muscle strength by resistance training in older adults (1)”
From Modulation of Neural and Muscular Adaptation Processes During Resistance Training by Fish Protein Ingestions in Older Adults (2020) · cites this paper as [1]
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Development and Validation of a Functional Fitness Test for Community-Residing Older Adults
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“The improvement in this phase has been mainly attributed to neural adaptations (Moritani and de Vries 1980; Sale 1988; Ha¨kkinen et al. 2001).”
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Strength Training in the Elderly
Hurley, B. F., & Roth, S. M. (2000) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200030040-00002 · Cited by 336
“[20] Early reports that increases in strength levels following ST in the elderly were due entirely to neurological factors[21] were later refuted when direct assessments of muscle tissue were made from imaging techniques and/or muscle biopsies, showing that ST increases muscle mass in older men and women.”
BackgroundMuscle morphology, enzymatic activity, and muscle strength in elderly men: A follow‐up study
ANIANSSON, A., Hedberg, M., Henning, G., & Grimby, G. (1986) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.880090702 · Cited by 314
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“These findings indicate that the rapid initial strengthening before the significant hypertrophy occurred in response to resistance training, which is consistent with a previous report [16].”
ResultYang, Y., Wang, R., Lin, K.-H., Chu, M.-Y., & Chan, R. (2006) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/0269215506070701 · Cited by 255
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“One previous study had indicated that the elbow flexor muscles of older men have a diminished hypertrophic response to resistance training than elbow flexors of young men, but only an imprecise anthropometric method was used to estimate muscle CSA (14).”
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“…on the effects of strength training in older individuals initially suggested that strength gains were primarily due to neurological adaptations (Moritani & deVries, 1980), it is now understood that heavy-resistance strength training can induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy in the elderly (Ivey…”
BackgroundCross-Transfer Effects of Resistance Training with Blood Flow Restriction
Madarame, H., Neya, M., Ochi, E., Nakazato, K., Sato, Y., & Ishii, N. (2008) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31815c6d7e · Cited by 235
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Effects of strength training on muscle power and serum hormones in middle-aged and older men
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BackgroundInfluentialNeuromuscular adaptations during the acquisition of muscle strength, power and motor tasks
Moritani, T. (1993) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/0021-9290(93)90082-p · Cited by 201
Self-citationProgressive resistance strength training for physical disability in older people
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“…individuals (Ivey et al. 2000, Kosek et al. 2006, Mayhew et al. 2009) in part may be due to neural contributions (Hakkinen et al. 1998) as equal strength gains have been produced with limited gains in contractile mass in older age (Moritani & deVries 1980, Kosek et al. 2006, Mero et al. 2013).”
BackgroundEarly phase adaptations of muscle use and strength to isokinetic training
Akima, H., Takahashi, H., Kuno, S., Masuda, K., Masuda, T., Shimojo, H., Anno, I., Itai, Y., & Katsuta, S. (1999) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199904000-00016 · Cited by 193
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The Consequences of Resistance Training for Movement Control in Older Adults
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“Neural Adaptations As with young people, elderly people also exhibit strength gains following resistance training that do not parallel muscular hypertrophy, especially in the early phase of training (233).”
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“Last, the contralateral untrained limb may have benefited from a cross-educational effect (Hortobagyi et al. 1999; Moritani and deVries 1979).”
Muscle architecture and strength: Adaptations to short-term resistance training in older adults
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ResultEffects of creatine monohydrate ingestion in sedentary and weight‐trained older adults
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Lower extremity muscle function after strength or power training in older adults.
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BackgroundTime Course of Changes in Muscle and Tendon Properties During Strength Training and Detraining
Kubo, K., Ikebukuro, T., Yata, H., Tsunoda, N., & Kanehisa, H. (2010) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181c865e2 · Cited by 157
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BackgroundMuscle strength and functional capacity in 78?81-year-old men and women
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“Moritani & DeVries (1980) suggested that the increases in strength in older people would primarily result from considerable neural adaptations, particularly observed during the earlier weeks of resistance training as indicated by the increases in maximal electromyographic activity of the trained…”
BackgroundInfluentialAssociations among Strength, Steadiness, and Hand Function across the Adult Life Span
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Ultrasound imaging of the quadriceps muscle in elderly athletes and untrained men
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Muscle strength, volume and activation following 12-month resistance training in 70-year-old males
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“Indeed it is reported that an increase in activation is necessary to allow the muscle to lift weights of a magnitude sufficient to induce hypertrophy (Moritani and deVries 1980).”
BackgroundExercise training in the debilitated aged: Strength and functional outcomes
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Different response to eccentric and concentric training in older men and women
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“It has been suggested that strength gain in the elderly is more related to neural mechanisms and less to muscle hypertrophy (Moritani and deVries 1980).”
Watanabe, K., Holobar, A., Kouzaki, M., Ogawa, M., Akima, H., & Moritani, T. (2016) · AGE · doi:10.1007/s11357-016-9915-0 · Cited by 115
“…in the elderly has been considered since the first observation of greater improvement in neural factors , which is estimated from the surface EMG amplitude , with little muscle hypertrophy during resistance training for the elderly , reported by Moritani and deVries ( Moritani and deVries 1980 ) .”
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“…can contribute substantially to the improvement of RFD in older adults (Ferri et al. 2003), it is considered that neural adaptations are the predominant mediator of the strength and power gains that older adults derive from resistance training (Moritani and deVries 1980; Vandervoort 2002).”
BackgroundCoelho‐Júnior, H. J., Marzetti, E., Calvani, R., Picca, A., Arai, H., & Uchida, M. C. (2020) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2020.1857691 · Cited by 126
“…explanation can also be put forward in order to justify the effects of short-term interventions in CI older adults, given that greater relative improvements are expected to be achieved in the first months of training (Coelho-J unior et al., 2019a; H€akkinen et al., 1998; Moritani & deVries, 1980).”
BackgroundYamada, Y., Yoshida, T., Yokoyama, K., Watanabe, Y., Miyake, M., Yamagata, E., Yamada, M., Kimura, M., & Study, K.-K. (2016) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glw125 · Cited by 104
“The qualitative change observed in skeletal muscle appears to be related to numerous morphological and/or neuromuscular aspects, such as fat infiltration of muscles (10–12), decreased lateral force transmission (13,14), change of pennate angle (15), fiber type change with increased co-expression of mixed myosin heavy…”
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Percentage Decline in Masters Superathlete Track and Field Performance With Aging
Baker, A. B., Tang, Y. Q., & Turner, M. J. (2003) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/03610730303706 · Cited by 100
FIATARONE, M. A., O’Neill, E. F., Doyle, N., Clements, K. M., Roberts, S. B., Kehayias, J. J., Lipsitz, L. A., & Evans, W. J. (1993) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1993.tb06714.x · Cited by 101
Shields, R. K., & Dudley‐Javoroski, S. (2007) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/1545968306293447 · Cited by 99
“Thus, adaptations leading to increased torque occurred in a time frame consistent with volitional strength-training studies.(44) For the 2 subjects who trained beyond 6 months, PT remained greater than pretraining values at month 11.”
BackgroundHortobágyi, T., & DeVita, P. (2000) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/55.8.b401 · Cited by 100
“The data are more consistent in the few studies of aged subjects, indicating parallel increases in maximal force and associated EMG activity following resistive exercise training (45,46,47).”
ResultMuscle Strength and Mass of Lower Extremities in Relation to Functional Abilities in Elderly Adults
Carmeli, E., Reznick, A. Z., Coleman, R., & Carmeli, V. (2000) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000022168 · Cited by 97
Häkkinen, K., Kraemer, W. J., Newton, R. U., et al. (2001) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1046/j.1365-201x.2001.171001051.x · Cited by 97
HÄKKINEN, K., & PAKARINEN, A. (1994) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1994.tb09678.x · Cited by 95
Fielding, R. A. (1995) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.1995.10718547 · Cited by 94
“Moritani and DeVries trained five healthy older men (mean age 70 years) for 8 weeks at 66% of the 1RM of their elbow flexors [34].”
BackgroundThe Effects of High- and Moderate-Resistance Training on Muscle Function in the Elderly
Kalapotharakos, V. I., Michalopoulou, M., Godolias, G., Tokmakidis, S. P., Malliou, P. V., & Gourgoulis, V. (2004) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.12.2.131 · Cited by 91
“Moritani and deVries (1980) trained older men at 66% 1-RM for 8 weeks and reported gains of 23% in elbow-flexor 1- RM strength.”
BackgroundFragala, M. S., Jajtner, A. R., Beyer, K. S., Townsend, J. R., Emerson, N. S., Scanlon, T. C., Oliveira, L. P., Hoffman, J. R., & Stout, J. R. (2014) · Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1007/s13539-013-0120-z · Cited by 94
“However, in older adults, increases in strength are predominantly attributed to neural factors even up to 8 weeks into training [29].”
BackgroundMuscle Plasticity after Weight and Combined (Weight + Jump) Training
Toumi, H., Best, T. M., Martin, A., & Poumarat, G. (2004) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000139896.73157.21 · Cited by 93
Holviala, J., Kraemer, W. J., Sillanpää, E., Karppinen, H., Avela, J., Kauhanen, A., HÄKKINEN, A. H., & Häkkinen, K. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2089-7 · Cited by 97
“Surface electromyography has been commonly used as an indirect method to study neural changes during strength training (Moritani and Devries 1980; Häkkinen 1994; Häkkinen et al. 1998, 2001) and may also provide information on possible neural interference effects of combined strength and endurance (Häkkinen et al.”
InfluentialKlinge, K., Magnusson, S. P., Simonsen, E. B., Aagaard, P., Klausen, K., & Kjær, M. (1997) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/036354659702500522 · Cited by 89
DAWSON, B., VLADICH, T., & BLANKSBY, B. A. (2002) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/00124278-200211000-00001 · Cited by 41
Macaluso, A., Young, A., Gibb, K. S., Rowe, D. A., & VITO, G. D. (2003) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00416.2003 · Cited by 89
“The first observation is in agreement with previous findings (16, 17, 19, 37), whereas the lack of change in coactivation of the antagonist muscles during the KE is in contrast with the results of previous studies (16, 17).”
ResultResistance training induced increase in muscle fiber size in young and older men
Mero, A. A., Hulmi, J. J., Salmijärvi, H., Katajavuori, M., Haverinen, M., Holviala, J., Ridanpää, T., Häkkinen, K., Kovanen, V., Ahtiainen, J. P., et al. (2012) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-012-2466-x · Cited by 90
“However, some studies (Kosek et al. 2006; Moritani and deVries 1980; Welle et al. 1996), but not all (Häkkinen et al.”
InfluentialComparison of high and moderate intensity of strength training on mood and anxiety in older adults
Tsutsumi, T., Don, B. M., Zaichkowsky, L. D., Takenaka, K., Oka, K., & Ohno, T. (1998) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1998.87.3.1003 · Cited by 82
Power training for older adults
Porter, M. M. (2006) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h05-034 · Cited by 84
“In 1980, it was thought that resistance training for older adults would only be beneficial for neural adaptations and that older muscle was unable to hypertrophy (Moritani and DeVries 1980).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Moritani, T., & Devries, H. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Gerontology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1980-09-01
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 672-682
- ISSN
- 0022-1422 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2084011411
- Cited by
- 362
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 4.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Gerontology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- muscle hypertrophy, older men, resistance training, neural factors, strength gain, aging, neurophysiological adaptation, progressive resistance training
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anthropometry, Arm, Electromyography, Humans, Male, Muscles, Physical Fitness
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