CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 95Sports Performance and TrainingHormonal and reproductive studiesMuscle metabolism and nutrition

Serum hormones and strength development during strength training in middle-aged and elderly males and females

HÄKKINEN, K., PAKARINEN, A.·1994·Acta Physiologica Scandinavica
DOI 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1994.tb09678.x
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Effects of a 12‐week progressive strength training period on serum concentrations of testosterone, Cortisol and sex‐hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG) as well as on strength development of the leg extensor muscles were investigated in nine middle‐aged males (M50; range 44–57 years) and in nine middle‐aged females (F50; range 43–54 years) as well as in 10 elderly males (M70; range 64–73 years) and in 11 elderly females (F70; range 66–73 years). Substantial increases took place in maximal isometric strength during the 12‐week training period both in M50 (from 2834 ±452 to 3941 ±772 N; P < 0.001) and in F50 (from 2627±725 to 3488± 1017 N; P < 0.001) as well as in M70 (from 2591 ±736 to 3075±845N; P < 0.01) and in F70 (from 1816 ± 427 to 2483 ±408 N; P< 0.001). The relative increases in strength during the 12‐week training period did not differ significantly between the groups. However, during the last 4 weeks of the training none of the groups demonstrated further increases in strength but it actually decreased in F50 (P < 0.05), M70 (P < 0.01) and in F70 (P < 0.05). No systematic changes were observed during the training in the mean concentrations of serum total testosterone, free testosterone, Cortisol, and SHBG, nor in testosterone/ Cortisol and testosterone/SHBG ratios. However, the individual levels of serum testosterone and testosterone/cortisol ratio and the individual changes in strength during the last four most intensive training weeks of the 12‐week period were in significant positive linear correlation in F70 (r = 0.57; P < 0.05) and in M70 (r = 0.61; P < 0.05). The present findings demonstrate that considerable gains may take place in strength during progressive strength training both in middle‐aged and elderly people. The findings also point out the importance of the anabolic hormonal level for the trainability of muscle strength of an individual during prolonged strength training especially in elderly males and females. This indicates a need to plan strength training programmes carefully with regard for to the overall volume and the length of each training period to optimize the training process in elderly people both in preventive purposes and in rehabilitation.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1994.tb09678.x

Cites

41 of 41 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 42 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
HÄKKINEN, K., & PAKARINEN, A.
Affiliations
  • University of Jyväskylä (FI)
  • University of Oulu (FI)
Corresponding author
HÄKKINEN, K.
Venue
Acta Physiologica Scandinavica
Publisher
Wiley
Published
1994-02
Volume
150
Issue
2
Pages
211-219
ISSN
  • 0001-6772 (ISSN-L)
  • 1365-201X
DOI
10.1111/j.1748-1716.1994.tb09678.x
OpenAlex
W1968049905
Cited by
95
References
42
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
FWCI
1.40
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 5424 d)
Locations
  • Acta Physiologica Scandinavica (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Keywords
resistance training, serum testosterone, cortisol, sex hormone-binding globulin, testosterone/cortisol ratio, strength development, leg extensor muscles, middle-aged adults, older adults, sex differences, age differences, isometric strength
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, Aging, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Middle Aged, Muscle Contraction, Physical Fitness, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, Testosterone

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review