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Cited by 527Sports Performance and TrainingCardiovascular and exercise physiologyMuscle metabolism and nutrition

Neuromuscular adaptations during concurrent strength and endurance training versus strength training

Häkkinen, K., Alen, M., Kraemer, W. J., Gorostiaga, E., Izquierdo, M., Rusko, H., Mikkola, J., Häkkinen, A. +6 more·2003·European Journal of Applied Physiology
DOI 10.1007/s00421-002-0751-9
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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of concurrent strength and endurance training (SE) (2 plus 2 days a week) versus strength training only (S) (2 days a week) in men [SE: n=11; 38 (5) years, S: n=16; 37 (5) years] over a training period of 21 weeks. The resistance training program addressed both maximal and explosive strength components. EMG, maximal isometric force, 1 RM strength, and rate of force development (RFD) of the leg extensors, muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) of the quadriceps femoris (QF) throughout the lengths of 4/15-12/15 (L(f)) of the femur, muscle fibre proportion and areas of types I, IIa, and IIb of the vastus lateralis (VL), and maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2max)) were evaluated. No changes occurred in strength during the 1-week control period, while after the 21-week training period increases of 21% (p<0.001) and 22% (p<0.001), and of 22% (p<0.001) and 21% (p<0.001) took place in the 1RM load and maximal isometric force in S and SE, respectively. Increases of 26% (p<0.05) and 29% (p<0.001) occurred in the maximum iEMG of the VL in S and SE, respectively. The CSA of the QF increased throughout the length of the QF (from 4/15 to 12/15 L(f)) both in S (p<0.05-0.001) and SE (p<0.01-0.001). The mean fibre areas of types I, IIa and IIb increased after the training both in S (p<0.05 and 0.01) and SE (p<0.05 and p<0.01). S showed an increase in RFD (p<0.01), while no change occurred in SE. The average iEMG of the VL during the first 500 ms of the rapid isometric action increased (p<0.05-0.001) only in S. VO(2max) increased by 18.5% (p<0.001) in SE. The present data do not support the concept of the universal nature of the interference effect in strength development and muscle hypertrophy when strength training is performed concurrently with endurance training, and the training volume is diluted by a longer period of time with a low frequency of training. However, the present results suggest that even the low-frequency concurrent strength and endurance training leads to interference in explosive strength development mediated in part by the limitations of rapid voluntary neural activation of the trained muscles.

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  • Longer training interventions (≥20 weeks) have failed to observe any differences in myofibre CSA hypertrophy compared to resistance training.

    “longer training interventions (i.e., ≥20 weeks), have failed to observe any differences in myofibre CSA hypertrophy compared to resistance training (Sale et al., 1990; Häkkinen et al., 2003).”

    From Myofibre Hypertrophy in the Absence of Changes to Satellite Cell Content Following Concurrent Exercise Training in Young Healthy Men (2021) · cites this paper as Häkkinen et al., 2003

  • The comparable muscle function and morphology improvements between isolated resistance training twice weekly vs. combined training with one aerobic and one resistance day each week possibly occurred due to the lower limbs cycling stimulus, as this modality requires more strength and power output compared with other aerobic modes (i.e., jogging, walking).

    “This comparable muscle function and morphology improvements between isolated resistance training twice weekly vs. combined training with one aerobic and one resistance day each week possibly occurred due to the lower limbs cycling stimulus, as this modality requires more strength and power output compared with other aerobic modes (i.e., jogging, walking) [221,222].”

    From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [222]

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Authors
Häkkinen, K., Alen, M., Kraemer, W. J., Gorostiaga, E., Izquierdo, M., Rusko, H., Mikkola, J., Häkkinen, A., Valkeinen, H., Kaarakainen, E., Romu, S., Erola, V., Ahtiainen, J., & Paavolainen, L.
Affiliations
  • University of Jyväskylä (FI)
  • University of Connecticut (US)
  • Gobierno de Navarra (ES)
  • Research Institute for Olympic Sports (FI)
  • Central Finland Health Care District (FI)
Corresponding author
Häkkinen, K.
ORCID
Venue
European Journal of Applied Physiology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2003-03
Volume
89
Issue
1
Pages
42-52
ISSN
  • 0020-9376 (ISSN-L)
  • 1439-6319
DOI
10.1007/s00421-002-0751-9
OpenAlex
W2151069482
Cited by
527
References
36
Citations by year
2026: 16 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 31
FWCI
7.83
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
  • European Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Keywords
resistance training, neuromuscular adaptation, muscle fiber cross-sectional area, vastus lateralis, quadriceps, rate of force development, muscle fiber type distribution, muscle fatigue, VO2max, explosive strength, one-repetition maximum, electromyography, leg extensors, training volume, aging, sarcopenia prevention, sarcopenic obesity
MeSH terms
Adaptation, Physiological, Adult, Humans, Isometric Contraction, Knee Joint, Male, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Education and Training, Physical Endurance, Physical Fitness, Stress, Mechanical, Volition, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Fibers, Skeletal

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