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Cohort Profile: The Framingham Heart Study (FHS): overview of milestones in cardiovascular epidemiology
Open accessAbstract
The Framingham Heart Study (FHS) has conducted seminal research defining cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and fundamentally shaping public health guidelines for CVD prevention over the past five decades. The success of the Original Cohort, initiated in 1948, paved the way for further epidemiological research in preventive cardiology. Due to the keen observations suggesting the role of shared familial factors in the development of CVD, in 1971 the FHS began enroling the second generation cohort, comprising the children of the Original Cohort and the spouses of the children. In 2002, the third generation cohort, comprising the grandchildren of the Original Cohort, was initiated to additionally explore genetic contributions to CVD in greater depth. Additionally, because of the predominance of White individuals of European descent in the three generations of FHS participants noted above, the Heart Study enrolled the OMNI1 and OMNI2 cohorts in 1994 and 2003, respectively, aimed to reflect the current greater racial and ethnic diversity of the town of Framingham. All FHS cohorts have been examined approximately every 2-4 years since the initiation of the study. At these periodic Heart Study examinations, we obtain a medical history and perform a cardiovascular-focused physical examination, 12-lead electrocardiography, blood and urine samples testing and other cardiovascular imaging studies reflecting subclinical disease burden.The FHS has continually evolved along the cutting edge of cardiovascular science and epidemiological research since its inception. Participant studies now additionally include study of cardiovascular imaging, serum and urine biomarkers, genetics/genomics, proteomics, metabolomics and social networks. Numerous ancillary studies have been established, expanding the phenotypes to encompass multiple organ systems including the lungs, brain, bone and fat depots, among others. Whereas the FHS was originally conceived and designed to study the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease, it has evolved over the years with staggering expanded breadth and depth that have far greater implications in the study of the epidemiology of a wide spectrum of human diseases. The FHS welcomes research collaborations using existing or new collection of data. Detailed information regarding the procedures for research application submission and review are available at [http://www.framinghamheartstudy.org/researchers/index.php].
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“The majority of FHS (100%)44, NLST (91%)18, PROMISE (77%)45, and ROMICAT-II (66%)46 participants were non-Hispanic whites.”
From Deep convolutional neural networks to predict cardiovascular risk from computed tomography (2021) · cites this paper as [44]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Tsao, C. W., & Vasan, R. S.
- Affiliations
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tsao, Connie W
- Venue
- International Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2015-12
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1800-1813
- ISSN
- 0300-5771 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-3685
- PMC
- PMC5156338
- OpenAlex
- W2207219039
- Cited by
- 457
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 59 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 7.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- International Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (n01hc25195-41-0-1, 5r01hl080124-05)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG028321, AG-028321)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01-HL080124, HL-076784, 1K23 HL118259, N01‐HC25195, HHSN268201500001I, HL107385, HL 080124, HHSN268201500001C, HL077447, N01-HC-025195, R01HL118259, R01HL077447, R01HL107385, R01HL076784, HL070100, HL 060040, R01HL070100, HL071039, R01HL060040, R01HL071039)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (6R01NS17950, R01NS017950)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Healthcare Systems and Public Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention
- Keywords
- Framingham Heart Study, cardiovascular risk factors, cardiovascular disease prevention, family-based cohort, racial and ethnic diversity, cardiovascular biomarkers, cardiovascular imaging, subclinical cardiovascular disease, ancillary studies, preventive cardiology
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Asian, Black or African American, Cardiovascular Diseases, Child, Child, Preschool, Diet, Echocardiography, Electrocardiography, Ethnicity, Female, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Hypercholesterolemia, Hypertension, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Massachusetts, Middle Aged, Phenotype, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Cohort Studies, Biomarkers, Epidemiologic Studies, Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, White People, Overweight, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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