Effects of hormonal contraception on systemic metabolism: cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Hormonal contraception is commonly used worldwide, but its systemic effects across lipoprotein subclasses, fatty acids, circulating metabolites and cytokines remain poorly understood. METHODS: A comprehensive molecular profile (75 metabolic measures and 37 cytokines) was measured for up to 5841 women (age range 24-49 years) from three population-based cohorts. Women using combined oral contraceptive pills (COCPs) or progestin-only contraceptives (POCs) were compared with those who did not use hormonal contraception. Metabolomics profiles were reassessed for 869 women after 6 years to uncover the metabolic effects of starting, stopping and persistently using hormonal contraception. RESULTS: The comprehensive molecular profiling allowed multiple new findings on the metabolic associations with the use of COCPs. They were positively associated with lipoprotein subclasses, including all high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subclasses. The associations with fatty acids and amino acids were strong and variable in direction. COCP use was negatively associated with albumin and positively associated with creatinine and inflammatory markers, including glycoprotein acetyls and several growth factors and interleukins. Our findings also confirmed previous results e.g. for increased circulating triglycerides and HDL cholesterol. Starting COCPs caused similar metabolic changes to those observed cross-sectionally: the changes were maintained in consistent users and normalized in those who stopped using. In contrast, POCs were only weakly associated with metabolic and inflammatory markers. Results were consistent across all cohorts and for different COCP preparations and different types of POC delivery. CONCLUSIONS: Use of COCPs causes widespread metabolic and inflammatory effects. However, persistent use does not appear to accumulate the effects over time and the metabolic perturbations are reversed upon discontinuation. POCs have little effect on systemic metabolism and inflammation.
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EE-containing contraceptives alter lipid metabolism, increasing especially high-density lipoprotein and triglycerides, but also affect glucose metabolism.
“EE-containing contraceptives alter lipid metabolism, increasing especially high-density lipoprotein and triglycerides, but also affect glucose metabolism (Morin-Papunen et al., 2008; Piltonen et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2016).”
From Ethinylestradiol in combined hormonal contraceptive has a broader effect on serum proteome compared with estradiol valerate: a randomized controlled trial (2023) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2016
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- Authors
- Wang, Q., Würtz, P., Auro, K., Morin-Papunen, L., Kangas, A. J., Soininen, P., Tiainen, M., Tynkkynen, T., Joensuu, A., Havulinna, A. S., Aalto, K., Salmi, M., Blankenberg, S., Zeller, T., Viikari, J., Kähönen, M., Lehtimäki, T., Salomaa, V., Jalkanen, S., Järvelin, M.-R., Perola, M., Raitakari, O. T., Lawlor, D. A., Kettunen, J., & Ala-Korpela, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Eastern Finland (FI)
- University of Oulu (FI)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Oulu University Hospital (FI)
- University of Turku (FI)
- Universität Hamburg (DE)
- Tampere University Hospital (FI)
- Tampere University (FI)
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (FI)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Qin
- Würtz, Peter
- Auro, Kirsi
- Perola, Markus
- Raitakari, Olli T
- Lawlor, Debbie A
- Kettunen, Johannes
- ORCID
- Wang, Qin
- Würtz, Peter
- Morin-Papunen, Laure
- Kangas, Antti J
- Tiainen, Mika
- Tynkkynen, Tuulia
- Joensuu, Anni
- Havulinna, Aki S
- Salmi, Marko
- Blankenberg, Stefan
- Zeller, Tanja
- Viikari, Jorma
- Kähönen, Mika
- Lehtimäki, Terho
- Salomaa, Veikko
- Jalkanen, Sirpa
- Järvelin, Marjo-Riitta
- Perola, Markus
- Raitakari, Olli T
- Lawlor, Debbie A
- Kettunen, Johannes
- Venue
- International Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2016-08-18
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1445-1457
- ISSN
- 0300-5771 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-3685
- PMC
- PMC5100613
- OpenAlex
- W2511714506
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 8.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- International Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (GR069224)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0611-10196)
- British Heart Foundation
- European Commission (633595)
- Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF15OC0015998)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Keywords
- hormonal contraception, combined oral contraceptives, progestin-only contraceptives, systemic metabolism, lipoprotein subclasses, HDL cholesterol, fatty acids, amino acids, circulating metabolites, cytokines, inflammation, albumin, triglycerides, contraceptive discontinuation, women's health
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal, Cross-Sectional Studies, Fatty Acids, Female, Finland, Humans, Cholesterol, HDL, Longitudinal Studies, Progestins, Risk Factors, Triglycerides, Linear Models, Cytokines, Metabolomics, Metabolome, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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