Cardiovascular disease and vitamin D supplementation: trial analysis, systematic review, and meta-analysis , , ,
Open accessAbstract
Background Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D status has been associated with increased cardiovascular events in epidemiologic studies.Objective We assessed whether vitamin D supplementation reduces cardiac failure, myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke through an analysis of the Randomised Evaluation of Calcium Or vitamin D (RECORD) randomized controlled trial (RCT), a systematic review, and a meta-analysis.Design Two analyses were undertaken. The first analysis was a trial analysis. The RECORD was a factorial RCT that compared vitamin D₃ (800 IU/d), calcium (1000 mg/d), vitamin D plus calcium, and a placebo. Cardiovascular events were collected throughout the trial and 3-y posttrial follow-up. Data were analyzed by using Cox regression. The second analysis was a systematic review. MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, conference abstracts, and ongoing trials were searched for RCTs that evaluated vitamin D from 1980 to 2013. RCTs with ≥1 y of follow-up and participants mean or median age ≥60 y were included. Meta-analyses were based on a Bayesian fixed-effects model by using a complementary log-log link function to account for varying lengths of follow-up.Results In the trial analysis, we showed that, for the 5292 participants in the RECORD trial, HRs (95% CIs) for vitamin D compared with no vitamin D for cardiac failure, MI, and stroke were 0.75 (0.58, 0.97), 0.97 (0.75,1.26), and 1.06 (0.8, 1.32), respectively. Twenty-one studies met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review (n = 13,033). Estimated HRs (credible intervals) for vitamin D compared with the placebo or control for on-study events for cardiac failure, MI, and stroke were 0.82 (0.58, 1.15), 0.96 ( 0.83, 1.10), and 1.07 (0.91, 1.29), respectively.Conclusion Vitamin D supplementation might protect against cardiac failure in older people but does not appear to protect against MI or stroke.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Certain supplements including beta-carotene, calcium, and vitamin E may even be harmful.
“Evidence has accrued that most of these supplements have little CVD benefit, and that certain supplements including beta-carotene, calcium, and vitamin E may even be harmful.105-108, 111-113”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [105]
Many supplements have been evaluated in observational studies and controlled trials as potential therapies to prevent CVD or other conditions.
“Many supplements have been evaluated in observational studies and controlled trials as potential therapies to prevent CVD or other conditions (Table 4).104-110”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [104]
Many supplements have been evaluated in observational studies and controlled trials as potential therapies to prevent CVD or other conditions.
“Many supplements have been evaluated in observational studies and controlled trials as potential therapies to prevent CVD or other conditions (Table 4).104-110”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [105]
Most of these supplements have little CVD benefit.
“Evidence has accrued that most of these supplements have little CVD benefit, and that certain supplements including beta-carotene, calcium, and vitamin E may even be harmful.105-108, 111-113”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [105]
Observational studies demonstrate links between higher plasma vitamin D, which is largely driven by sun exposure, and CVD risk; however, large trials of vitamin D supplements have shown no benefits.
“Observational studies demonstrate links between higher plasma vitamin D, which is largely driven by sun exposure, and CVD risk; however, large trials of vitamin D supplements have shown no benefits.104”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [104]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Assessing Risk of Bias in Included Studies
Higgins, J. P., & Altman, D. G. (2008) · Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions · doi:10.1002/9780470712184.ch8 · Cited by 3,396 · see citing works
Calcium plus Vitamin D Supplementation and the Risk of Fractures
Jackson, R. D., LaCroix, A. Z., Gass, M. L. S., Wallace, R. B., Robbins, J. A., Lewis, C. E., Bassford, T. L., Beresford, S. A. A., Black, H. R., Blanchette, P. L., et al. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa055218 · Cited by 1,861 · see citing works
Annual High-Dose Oral Vitamin D and Falls and Fractures in Older Women
Sanders, K. M., Stuart, A. L., Williamson, E., Simpson, J. A., Kotowicz, M. A., Young, D. Y. L., & Nicholson, G. C. (2010) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2010.594 · Cited by 1,382 · see citing works
Trivedi, D. P., Doll, R., & Khaw, K. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.326.7387.469 · Cited by 1,270 · see citing works
Bolland, M. J., Avenell, A., Baron, J. A., Grey, A., MacLennan, G. S., Gamble, G. D., & Reid, I. R. (2010) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c3691 · Cited by 1,099 · see citing works
Self-citationSchleithoff, S. S., Zittermann, A., Tenderich, G., Berthold, H. K., Stehle, P., & Koerfer, R. (2006) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/83.4.754 · Cited by 924 · see citing works
Bolland, M. J., Grey, A., Avenell, A., Gamble, G. D., & Reid, I. R. (2011) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.d2040 · Cited by 851 · see citing works
Self-citationSystematic Review: Vitamin D and Cardiometabolic Outcomes
Pittas, A. G., Chung, M. C., Trikalinos, T., Mitri, J., Brendel, M., Patel, K., Lichtenstein, A. H., Lau, J., & Balk, E. M. (2010) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-152-5-201003020-00009 · Cited by 753 · see citing works
Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of mortality in adults
Bjelakovic, G., Gluud, L. L., Nikolova, D., Whitfield, K., Wetterslev, J., Simonetti, R. G., Bjelakovic, M., & Gluud, C. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007470.pub3 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
Symptomatic and asymptomatic left-ventricular systolic dysfunction in an urban population
McDonagh, T. A., Morrison, C., Lawrence, A., Ford, I., Tunstall-Pedoe, H., McMurray, J. J. V., & Dargie, H. J. (1997) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)03033-x · Cited by 631 · see citing works
Manson, J. E., Bassuk, S. S., Lee, I.-M. M., Cook, N. R., Albert, M. A., Gordon, D., Zaharris, E., MacFadyen, J. G., Danielson, E., Lin, J., et al. (2011) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2011.09.009 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Systematic Review: Vitamin D and Calcium Supplementation in Prevention of Cardiovascular Events
Wang, L., Manson, J. E., Song, Y., & Sesso, H. D. (2010) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-152-5-201003020-00010 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
Bolland, M. J., Grey, A. B., Gamble, G. D., & Reid, I. R. (2014) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(13)70212-2 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Self-citationPlasma Parathyroid Hormone and the Risk of Cardiovascular Mortality in the Community
Hagström, E., Hellman, P., Larsson, T. E., Ingelsson, E., Berglund, L., Sundström, J., Melhus, H., Held, C., Lind, L., Michaëlsson, K., et al. (2009) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.108.808733 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Elamin, M. B., Elnour, N. O. A., Elamin, K. B., Fatourechi, M. M., Alkatib, A. A., Almandoz, J. P., Liu, H., Lane, M. A., Mullan, R. J., Hazem, A., et al. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0398 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Effect of vitamin D on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Witham, M. D., Nadir, M. A., & Struthers, A. D. (2009) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e32832f075b · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Self-citationHigh Doses of Vitamin D to Reduce Exacerbations in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Lehouck, A., Mathieu, C., Carremans, C., Baeke, F., Verhaegen, J., Eldere, J. V., Decallonne, B., Bouillon, R., Decramer, M., & Janssens, W. (2012) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-156-2-201201170-00004 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Vitamin D and calcium: a systematic review of health outcomes.
Chung, M. C., Balk, E. M., Brendel, M., Ip, S., Lau, J., Lee, J., Lichtenstein, A. H., Patel, K., Raman, G., Tatsioni, A., et al. (2009) · PubMed Central · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Calcitriol Treatment Is Not Effective in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
Ott, S. M., & Chesnut, C. H. (1989) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-110-4-267 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Dose Response to Vitamin D Supplementation in Postmenopausal Women
Gallagher, J. C., Sai, A. J., Templin, T., & Smith, L. M. (2012) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-156-6-201203200-00005 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Reid, D., Toole, B. J., Knox, S., Talwar, D. K., Harten, J., O’Reilly, D. S. J., Blackwell, S., Kinsella, J., McMillan, D. C., & Wallace, A. (2011) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.008490 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Tomaschitz, A., Pilz, S., Ritz, E., Grammer, T., Drechsler, C., Boehm, B. O., & März, W. (2010) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2010.05.037 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Witham, M. D., Crighton, L. J., Gillespie, N. D., Struthers, A. D., & McMurdo, M. E. T. (2010) · Circulation Heart Failure · doi:10.1161/circheartfailure.109.907899 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Self-citationCalcitriol in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis
Aloia, J. F., Vaswani, A. N., Yeh, J. K., Ellis, K., Yasumura, S., & Cohn, S. H. (1988) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(88)90259-8 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Combination Treatment with Estrogen and Calcitriol in the Prevention of Age-Related Bone Loss
Gallagher, J. C., Fowler, S. E., Detter, J. R., & Sherman, S. S. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.8.7703 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Effects of Ergocalciferol Added to Calcium on the Risk of Falls in Elderly High-Risk Women
Prince, R. L. (2008) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2007.31 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Nieminen, M. S., Harjola, V., Hochadel, M., Drexler, H., Michel Komajda, N., Brutsaert, D. L., Dickstein, K., Ponikowski, P. P., Tavazzi, L., Folláth, F., et al. (2008) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1016/j.ejheart.2007.12.012 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Witham, M. D., Price, R. J. G., Struthers, A. D., Donnan, P. T., Messow, C., Ford, I., & McMurdo, M. E. T. (2013) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.9043 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citationMatsumoto, T., Miki, T., Hagino, H., Sugimoto, T., Okamoto, S., Hirota, T., Tanigawara, Y., Hayashi, Y., Fukunaga, M., Shiraki, M., et al. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-2552 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
den Uyl, D., Nurmohamed, M. T., van Tuyl, L. H. D., Raterman, H. G., & Lems, W. F. (2011) · Arthritis Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/ar3224 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Zhu, K., Devine, A., Dick, I. M., Wilson, S. G., & Prince, R. L. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-1466 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Schroten, N. F., Ruifrok, W.-P. T., Kleijn, L., Dokter, M. M., Silljé, H. H. W., Heerspink, H. J. L., Bakker, S. J. L., Kema, I. P., van Gilst, W. H., van Veldhuisen, D. J., et al. (2013) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2013.05.009 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
A Randomized Controlled Trial of High-Dose Vitamin D 3 in Patients With Heart Failure
Boxer, R. S., Kenny, R. A., Schmotzer, B. J., Vest, M., Fiutem, J. J., & Piña, I. L. (2013) · JACC Heart Failure · doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2012.11.003 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Vitamin D and the cardiovascular system
Beveridge, L. A., & Witham, M. D. (2013) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-013-2281-1 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationVitamin D Supplementation in Infants With Chronic Congestive Heart Failure
shedeed, S. (2012) · Pediatric Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00246-012-0199-6 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Avenell, A., GRANT, A. M., McGee, M., McPherson, G. C., Campbell, M., McGee, M. A., & RECORD Trial Management Group (2004) · Clinical Trials · doi:10.1191/1740774504cn053oa · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationMacdonald, H. M., Wood, A. D., Aucott, L. S., Black, A. J., Fraser, W. D., Mavroeidi, A., Reid, D. M., Secombes, K. R., Simpson, W. G., & Thiès, F. (2013) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.1959 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Vitamin D Status and Risk of Cardiovascular Events
Sokol, S. I., Tsang, P., Aggarwal, V., Melamed, M. L., & SRINIVAS, V. S. (2011) · Cardiology in Review · doi:10.1097/crd.0b013e31821da9a5 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Vitamin D Biology in Heart Failure: Molecular Mechanisms and Systematic Review
Meems, L. M. G., van der Harst, P., van Gilst, W. H., & de Boer, R. A. (2010) · Current Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/138945011793591554 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Attia, S., Eickhoff, J. C., Wilding, G., McNeel, D. G., Blank, J. H., Ahuja, H. G., Jumonville, A. J., Eastman, M. E., Shevrin, D. H., Glodé, M., et al. (2008) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4274 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Disease Prevention: Vitamin D Trials
Pilz, S., Rutters, F., & Dekker, J. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.338.6109.883-c · Cited by 41 · see citing works
DeLuca, H. F., Bedale, W. A., Binkley, N., Gallagher, J. C., Bolognese, M. A., Peacock, M., Aloia, J. F., Clagett‐Dame, M., & Plum, L. A. (2010) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.256 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of mortality in adults
Stern, C., Young, C. F., & Skorga, P. (2014) · International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare · doi:10.1097/xeb.0000000000000016 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Vitamin D in Chronic Heart Failure
Witham, M. D. (2011) · Current Heart Failure Reports · doi:10.1007/s11897-011-0048-6 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationThe efficacy and safety of calcitriol and/or Caltrate D in elderly Chinese women with low bone mass
Xia, W., Zhang, Z., Wang, H.-F., Meng, X., Zhang, Y., Zhu, G., Xing, X., Liu, J.-L., Wang, L.-H., Jiang, Y., et al. (2009) · Acta Pharmacologica Sinica · doi:10.1038/aps.2009.12 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL)
Okereke, O. I., & Manson, J. E. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-381978-9.10105-2 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Is a daily supplementation with 40 microgram vitamin D3 sufficient? A randomised controlled trial
Toss, G., & Magnusson, P. (2011) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-011-0271-7 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Gorai, I., Tanaka, Y., Hattori, S., et al. (2009) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism · doi:10.1007/s00774-009-0112-4 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Majima, T., Komatsu, Y., Shimatsu, A., Satoh, N., Fukao, A., NINOMIYA, K., Matsumura, T., & Nakao, K. (2008) · Endocrine Journal · doi:10.1507/endocrj.k07e-027 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- Meems LM, van der Harst P, van Gilst WH, de Boer RA. Vitamin D biology in heart failure. Curr Drug Targets 2011;12:29-41.
- Bolland MJ, Grey A, Avenell A, Gamble GD, Reid IR. Calcium supplements with or without vitamin D and risk of cardiovascular events. BMJ 2011;342:2040.
- Grant AM, Avenell A, Campbell MK, McDonald AM, MacLennan GS, McPherson GC, Anderson FH, Cooper C, Francis RM, Donaldson C et al. Oral vitamin D3 and calcium for secondary prevention of low-trauma fractures in elderly people. Lancet. 2005 May 7-13;365:1621-8.
- Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook. 5.1.0 ed. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2011.
- Trivedi DP, Doll R, Khaw KT. Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on fractures and mortality in men and women living in the community. BMJ 2003;326:469.
- DeLuca HF, Bedale W, Binkley N, Gallagher JC, Bolognese M, Peacock M, Aloia J, Clagett-Dame M, Plum L. The vitamin D analogue 2MD increases bone turnover but not BMD in postmenopausal women with osteopenia. J Bone Miner Res 2011;26:538-45.
- Matsumoto T, Miki T, Hagino H, Sugimoto T, Okamoto S, Hirota T, Tanigawara Y, Hayashi Y, Fukunaga M, Shiraki M, Nakamura T. A new active vitamin D, ED-71, increases bone mass in osteoporotic patients under vitamin D supplementation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:5031-6.
- Toss G, Magnusson P. Is a daily supplementation with 40 microgram vitamin D(3) sufficient? Eur J Nutr 2012;51:939-45.
- Witham MD, Nadir MA, Struthers AD. Effect of vitamin D on blood pressure. J Hypertens 2009;27:1948-54.
- Nieminen MS, Harjola VP, Hochadel M, Drexler H, Komajda M, Brutsaert D, Dickstein K, Ponikowski P, Tavazzi L, Follath F et al. Gender related differences in patients presenting with acute heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2008;10:140-8.
- Schleithoff SS, Zittermann A, Tenderich G, Berthold HK, Stehle P, Koerfer R. Vitamin D supplementation improves cytokine profiles in patients with congestive heart failure. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83:754-9.
- Donneyong MM, Taylor KC, Baumgartner RN, Myers J, Song WL, Martin LW. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of heart failure: The calcium and vitamin D trial of the women's health initiative study. Am J Epidemiol 2013;177:S128.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2017 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Benjamin, E. J., Blaha, M. J., Chiuve, S. E., Cushman, M., Das, S. R., Deo, R., de Ferranti, S. D., Floyd, J., Fornage, M., Gillespie, C., et al. (2017) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000485 · Cited by 12,591 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2019 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Benjamin, E. J., Muntner, P., Alonso, A., Bittencourt, M. S., Callaway, C. W., Carson, A. P., Chamberlain, A. M., Chang, A. R., Cheng, S., Das, S. R., et al. (2019) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000659 · Cited by 9,036 · see citing works
Heart disease and stroke statistics-2018 update: a report from the american heart association
Benjamin, E. J., Virani, S. S., Callaway, C. W., Chamberlain, A. M., Chang, A. R., Cheng, S., Chiuve, S. E., Cushman, M., Delling, F. N., Deo, R., et al. (2018) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000558 · Cited by 7,146 · see citing works
Mozaffarian, D. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.115.018585 · Cited by 2,216 · see citing works
Trends in dietary supplement use among US adults from 1999-2012.
Kantor, E. D., Rehm, C. D., Du, M., White, E., & Giovannucci, E. L. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.14403 · Cited by 644 · see citing works
Effects of Vitamin D on Cardiac Function in Patients With Chronic HF
Witte, K. K., Byrom, R., Gierula, J., Paton, M. F., Jamil, H. A., Lowry, J. E., Gillott, R. G., Barnes, S. A., Chumun, H., Kearney, L. C., et al. (2016) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.508 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Vitamin D and chronic diseases: the current state of the art
Muscogiuri, G., Altieri, B., Annweiler, C., Balercia, G., Pal, H. B., Boucher, B. J., Cannell, J. J., Foresta, C., Grübler, M. R., Kotsa, K., et al. (2017) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-016-1804-x · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Effects of hormonal contraception on systemic metabolism: cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence
Wang, Q., Würtz, P., Auro, K., Morin-Papunen, L., Kangas, A. J., Soininen, P., Tiainen, M., Tynkkynen, T., Joensuu, A., Havulinna, A. S., et al. (2016) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyw147 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ford, J. A., MacLennan, G. S., Avenell, A., Bolland, M., Grey, A., & Witham, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Auckland (NZ)
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-09
- Volume
- 100
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 746-755
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2119675809
- Cited by
- 268
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 7
- FWCI
- 5.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Aberdeen University Research Archive (Aberdeen University) (submittedVersion)
- Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (submittedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Glasgow Caledonian University
- Scottish Government
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (ACF-2012-15-002)
- University of Southampton
- Newcastle University
- University of Aberdeen
- Shire
- Chief Scientist Office, Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorate
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Keywords
- vitamin D supplementation, cardiovascular disease, heart failure, myocardial infarction, stroke, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, calcium supplementation, RECORD trial, older adults, vitamin D3
- MeSH terms
- Heart Failure, Humans, Myocardial Infarction, Risk Factors, Vitamin D, Vitamin D Deficiency, Reproducibility of Results, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Evidence-Based Medicine, Dietary Supplements, Stroke
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
