The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Changes in millennial adolescent mental health and health-related behaviours over 10 years: a population cohort comparison study
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
BACKGROUND: There is evidence that mental health problems are increasing and substance use behaviours are decreasing. This paper aimed to investigate recent trends in mental ill health and health-related behaviours in two cohorts of UK adolescents in 2005 and 2015. METHODS: Prevalences in mental health (depressive symptoms, self-harm, anti-social behaviours, parent-reported difficulties) and health-related behaviours (substance use, weight, weight perception, sleep, sexual intercourse) were examined at age 14 in two UK birth cohorts; Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC, N = 5627, born 1991-92) and Millennium Cohort Study (MCS, N = 11 318, born 2000-02). Prevalences and trend estimates are presented unadjusted and using propensity score matching and entropy balancing to account for differences between samples. RESULTS: Depressive symptoms (9% to 14.8%) and self-harm (11.8% to 14.4%) were higher in 2015 compared with 2005. Parent-reported emotional difficulties, conduct problems, hyperactivity and peer problems were higher in 2015 compared with 2005 (5.7-8.9% to 9.7-17.7%). Conversely, substance use (tried smoking, 9.2% to 2.9%; tried alcohol, 52.1% to 43.5%, cannabis, 4.6% to 3.9%), sexual activity (2% to 0.9%) and anti-social behaviours (6.2-40.1% to 1.6-27.7%) were less common or no different. Adolescents in 2015 were spending less time sleeping (<8 h 5.7% to 11.5%), had higher body mass index (BMI) (obese, 3.8% to 7.3%) and a greater proportion perceived themselves as overweight (26.5% to 32.9%). The findings should be interpreted bearing in mind limitations in ability to adequately harmonize certain variables and account for differences in attrition rates and generalizability of the two cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: Given health-related behaviours are often cited as risk factors for poor mental health, our findings suggest relationships between these factors might be more complex and dynamic in nature than currently understood. Substantial increases in mental health difficulties, BMI and poor sleep-related behaviours highlight an increasing public health challenge.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“effectively addressing multiple lifestyle factors in young people presents a promising approach towards tackling the rates of mental illness across the population 6,7,83,84 .”
From A meta-review of "lifestyle psychiatry": the role of exercise, smoking, diet and sleep in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders (2020) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“have been linked to the recent rise of mental illness in young people 7 .”
From A meta-review of "lifestyle psychiatry": the role of exercise, smoking, diet and sleep in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders (2020) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 · Cited by 20,391
The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A research note
Goodman, R. (1997) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x · Cited by 14,908
Hainmueller, J. (2012) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/pan/mpr025 · Cited by 6,026
Propensity Score-Matching Methods for Nonexperimental Causal Studies
Dehejia, R., & Wahba, S. (2002) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/003465302317331982 · Cited by 4,864
Our future: a Lancet commission on adolescent health and wellbeing
Patton, G. C., Sawyer, S. M., Santelli, J. S., Ross, D. A., Afifi, R., Allen, N. B., Arora, M., Azzopardi, P., Baldwin, W., Bonell, C., et al. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00579-1 · Cited by 3,785
Boyd, A., Golding, J., Macleod, J., Lawlor, D. A., Fraser, A., Henderson, J., Molloy, L., Ness, A., Ring, S., & Davey Smith, G. (2013) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dys064 · Cited by 2,996
Cohort Profile: The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children: ALSPAC mothers cohort
Fraser, A., Macdonald-Wallis, C., Tilling, K., Boyd, A., Golding, J., Davey Smith, G., Henderson, J., Macleod, J., Molloy, L., Ness, A., et al. (2013) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dys066 · Cited by 2,494
Leuven, E., & Sianesi, B. (2003) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 2,168
(1995) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · Cited by 1,847
Paruthi, S., Brooks, L. J., D’Ambrosio, C., Hall, W. A., Kotagal, S., Lloyd, R. M., Malow, B. A., Maski, K., Nichols, C., Quan, S. F., et al. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.5866 · Cited by 1,562
National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults.
Mojtabai, R., Olfson, M., & Han, B. (2016) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2016-1878 · Cited by 1,424
Avenevoli, S. (2012) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.160 · Cited by 1,149
Ebalance: A Stata Package for Entropy Balancing
Hainmueller, J., & Xu, Y. (2011) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v054.i07 · Cited by 1,126
Are child and adolescent mental health problems increasing in the 21st century? A systematic review
Bor, W., Dean, A. J., Najman, J., & Hayatbakhsh, R. (2014) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867414533834 · Cited by 853
Twenge, J. M., Gentile, B., DeWall, C. N., Ma, D., Lacefield, K., & Schurtz, D. R. (2009) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.10.005 · Cited by 606
Exploring the association between cannabis use and depression.
Degenhardt, L., Hall, W., & Lynskey, M. (2003) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00437.x · Cited by 587
Cohort Profile: UK Millennium Cohort Study (MCS)
Connelly, R., & Platt, L. (2014) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyu001 · Cited by 547
The long shadow cast by childhood physical and mental problems on adult life
Goodman, A., Joyce, R., & Smith, J. P. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1016970108 · Cited by 449
Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 2002
Boreham, R., McManus, S., Blenkinsop, S., & Wales (2003) · Cited by 443
Outcomes of conduct problems in adolescence: 40 year follow-up of national cohort
Colman, I., Murray, J., Abbott, R. A., Maughan, B., Kuh, D. J., Croudace, T. J., & Jones, P. B. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.a2981 · Cited by 381
Collishaw, S., Maughan, B., Natarajan, L., & Pickles, A. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02252.x · Cited by 267
The decline in adult activities among U.S. adolescents, 1976–2016
Twenge, J. M., & Park, H. (2019) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12930 · Cited by 240
Prospective reciprocal relations between physical activity and depression in female adolescents.
Jerstad, S. J., Boutelle, K. N., Ness, K. K., & Stice, E. M. (2010) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018793 · Cited by 232
Winsler, A., Deutsch, A., Vorona, R. D., Payne, P. A., & Szklo-Coxe, M. (2015) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0170-3 · Cited by 164
Fink, E., Patalay, P., Sharpe, H., Holley, S., Deighton, J., & Wolpert, M. (2015) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.01.023 · Cited by 153
Self-citationHagquist, C. (2009) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.07.003 · Cited by 126
Can we explain increases in young people’s psychological distress over time?
Sweeting, H. N., West, P., Young, R., & Der, G. (2010) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.08.012 · Cited by 118
Sharpe, H., Patalay, P., Choo, T.-H. J., Wall, M. M., Mason, S. M., Goldschmidt, A. B., & Neumark‐Sztainer, D. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417001663 · Cited by 111
Self-citationFarrell, M., Howes, S., Bebbington, P., Brugha, T., Jenkins, R., Lewis, G., Marsden, J., Taylor, C., & Meltzer, H. (2003) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/0954026021000045949 · Cited by 105
BMI Development and Early Adolescent Psychosocial Well-Being: UK Millennium Cohort Study
Kelly, Y. J., Patalay, P., Montgomery, S., & Sacker, A. (2016) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2016-0967 · Cited by 63
Self-citationPsychological distress in mid-life: evidence from the 1958 and 1970 British birth cohorts
Ploubidis, G. B., Sullivan, A., Brown, M., & Goodman, A. T. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716002464 · Cited by 47
Report: Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use Among Young People in England in 2014
Fuller, E. A. (2015) · Children and Young People Now · doi:10.12968/cypn.2015.18.28 · Cited by 40
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Patalay, 2017, Mental Ill-Health Among Children of the New Century: Trends Across Childhood With a Focus on Age 14
- Fitzsimons, 2017, Millennium Cohort Study Sixth Survey 2015–2016: User Guide
- Mostafa, 2017, Millennium Cohort Study, Sixth Survey 2015–2016: Technical Report on Response (Age 14).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Firth, J., Solmi, M., Wootton, R. E., Vancampfort, D., Schuch, F. B., Hoare, E., Gilbody, S., Torous, J., Teasdale, S. B., Jackson, S. E., et al. (2020) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20773 · Cited by 1,242
Sohn, S. Y., Rees, P., Wildridge, B., Kalk, N. J., & Carter, B. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2350-x · Cited by 838
Worldwide increases in adolescent loneliness
Twenge, J. M., Haidt, J., Blake, A. B., McAllister, C., Lemon, H., & Le Roy, A. (2021) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.06.006 · Cited by 426
Not all screen time is created equal: associations with mental health vary by activity and gender
Twenge, J. M., & Farley, E. (2021) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-020-01906-9 · Cited by 252
Mechanisms linking social media use to adolescent mental health vulnerability
Orben, A., Meier, A., Dalgleish, T., & Blakemore, S.-J. (2024) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-024-00307-y · Cited by 220
Metadata
- Authors
- Patalay, P., & Gage, S. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Patalay, Praveetha
- Venue
- International Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2019-02-27
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1650-1664
- ISSN
- 0300-5771 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-3685
- OpenAlex
- W2951404944
- Cited by
- 335
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 63 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 9
- FWCI
- 39.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- UK Medical Research Council
- Wellcome (102215/2/13/2)
- University of Bristol
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Adolescent Health and Behaviors
- Keywords
- adolescent mental health, depressive symptoms, self-harm, substance use, adolescent sexual activity, sleep duration, body mass index, weight perception, conduct problems, peer problems, antisocial behavior, health behavior, cohort comparison, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, Millennium Cohort Study, temporal trends, adolescent obesity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Depression, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Risk Factors, Smoking, Cohort Studies, Health Behavior, Body Mass Index, Logistic Models, Substance-Related Disorders, Overweight
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
