Healthy donor T cell responses to common cold coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUNDT cell responses to the common cold coronaviruses have not been well characterized. Preexisting T cell immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been reported, and a recent study suggested that this immunity was due to cross-recognition of the novel coronavirus by T cells specific for the common cold coronaviruses.METHODSWe used the enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay to characterize the T cell responses against peptide pools derived from the spike protein of 3 common cold coronaviruses (HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-OC43) and SARS-CoV-2 in 21 healthy donors (HDs) who were seronegative for SARS-CoV-2 and had no known exposure to the virus. An in vitro expansion culture assay was also used to analyze memory T cell responses.RESULTSWe found responses to the spike protein of the 3 common cold coronaviruses in many of the donors. We then focused on HCoV-NL63 and detected broad T cell responses to the spike protein and identified 22 targeted peptides. Interestingly, only 1 study participant had a significant response to SARS-CoV-2 spike or nucleocapsid protein in the ELISPOT assay. In vitro expansion studies suggested that T cells specific for the HCoV-NL63 spike protein in this individual could also recognize SARS-CoV-2 spike protein peptide pools.CONCLUSIONHDs have circulating T cells specific for the spike proteins of HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E, and HCoV-OC43. T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins were present in only 1 participant and were potentially the result of cross-recognition by T cells specific for the common cold coronaviruses. Further studies are needed to determine whether this cross-recognition influences coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes.
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Healthy adults commonly show CD4+ T cell memory against hCoVs.
“several studies indicate the presence of widespread CD4+ T cell memory to hCoVs among healthy adults32,79–81.”
From Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection (2021) · cites this paper as [80]
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- Authors
- Woldemeskel, B. A., Kwaa, A. K., Garliss, C. C., Laeyendecker, O., Ray, S. C., & Blankson, J. N.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Blankson, Joel N.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
- Published
- 2020-11-16
- Volume
- 130
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 6631-6638
- ISSN
- 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-8238
- PMC
- PMC7685719
- OpenAlex
- W3087225540
- Cited by
- 78
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 2.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- NIAID, NIH (R01AI120024)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Keywords
- T cell response, common cold coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, spike protein, nucleocapsid protein, cross-reactive T cells, pre-existing immunity, memory T cells, healthy donors
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Common Cold, Cross Reactions, Female, Humans, Immunity, Cellular, Male, Middle Aged, T-Lymphocytes, Coronavirus 229E, Human, Coronavirus OC43, Human, Coronavirus NL63, Human
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