CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 266SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 ResearchCOVID-19 Clinical Research StudiesSARS-CoV-2 detection and testing

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 53 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Dynamics of Neutralizing Antibody Titers in the Months After Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection

Open access
Crawford, Katharine H D, Dingens, Adam S, Eguia, Rachel, Wolf, Caitlin R, Wilcox, Naomi, Logue, Jennifer K, Shuey, Kiel, Casto, Amanda M, Fiala, Brooke, Wrenn, Samuel, Pettie, Deleah, King, Neil P, Greninger, Alexander L, Chu, Helen Y, Bloom, Jesse D·2021·The Journal of Infectious Diseases
DOI 10.1093/infdis/jiaa618PMC PMC7543487

Published version of a preprint

Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Most individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) develop neutralizing antibodies that target the viral spike protein. In this study, we quantified how levels of these antibodies change in the months after SARS-CoV-2 infection by examining longitudinal samples collected approximately 30–152 days after symptom onset from a prospective cohort of 32 recovered individuals with asymptomatic, mild, or moderate-severe disease. Neutralizing antibody titers declined an average of about 4-fold from 1 to 4 months after symptom onset. This decline in neutralizing antibody titers was accompanied by a decline in total antibodies capable of binding the viral spike protein or its receptor-binding domain. Importantly, our data are consistent with the expected early immune response to viral infection, where an initial peak in antibody levels is followed by a decline to a lower plateau. Additional studies of long-lived B cells and antibody titers over longer time frames are necessary to determine the durability of immunity to SARS-CoV-2.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/infdis/jiaa618

Cites

53 of 53 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Figure 1. Change in neutralizing antibody titer over time. A, Neutralizing antibody titer at 50% inhibition (NT50) for each individual in the study, with facets colored according to disease severity (see key below plot). Facet titles indicate sex (F, female; M, male), age, and participant identifier (PID). Dashed blue line indicates the limit of detection for our assay (NT50 = 20). B, Fold change in NT50 compared with 30-day time point, including only individuals with a neutralizing sample at day 30. P values were calculated using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. C, Distribution of NT50 values at the 3 time points, with box plots colored by disease severity and the blue dashed line indicating the limit of detection as in panel A. P values are indicated when there is a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) between NT50 values for different disease severity categories at a time point and were calculated using the Wilcoxon rank sum test.
Figure 1. Change in neutralizing antibody titer over time. A, Neutralizing antibody titer at 50% inhibition (NT50) for each individual in the study, with facets colored according to disease severity (see key below plot). Facet titles indicate sex (F, female; M, male), age, and participant identifier (PID). Dashed blue line indicates the limit of detection for our assay (NT50 = 20). B, Fold change in NT50 compared with 30-day time point, including only individuals with a neutralizing sample at day 30. P values were calculated using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. C, Distribution of NT50 values at the 3 time points, with box plots colored by disease severity and the blue dashed line indicating the limit of detection as in panel A. P values are indicated when there is a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) between NT50 values for different disease severity categories at a time point and were calculated using the Wilcoxon rank sum test.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2. Immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgM, and IgG antibody binding titers over time. A, Longitudinal binding antibody titers for each individual as quantified by area under the curve (AUC) of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Facets are arranged by maximal neutralizing antibody titer at 50% inhibition (NT50) from top left to bottom right, as in Figure 1A. Dashed lines indicate the AUC value for the negative control sample (2017–2018 serum sample pool) for each assay, colored by assay. Abbreviations: F, female; M, male; PID, participant identifier; RBD, receptor-binding domain. B, Correlation plots between AUC for each ELISA and neutralization titer (NT50) for all samples. Vertical dashed line indicates the limit of detection for the neutralization assay; horizontal dashed lines, the AUC values for the negative control sample (2017–2018 serum sample pool) for each assay, colored based on the assay as in A. C, For each antibody type measured, individuals who were symptomatic and required hospitalization as part of their care had significantly higher antibody levels during the first 1–2 months after symptom onset. *P ≤ .05; †P ≤ .01. P values were calculated using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. As in A and B, the dashed line in each facet indicates the AUC value for the negative control sample for each assay, colored by assay.
Figure 2. Immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgM, and IgG antibody binding titers over time. A, Longitudinal binding antibody titers for each individual as quantified by area under the curve (AUC) of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Facets are arranged by maximal neutralizing antibody titer at 50% inhibition (NT50) from top left to bottom right, as in Figure 1A. Dashed lines indicate the AUC value for the negative control sample (2017–2018 serum sample pool) for each assay, colored by assay. Abbreviations: F, female; M, male; PID, participant identifier; RBD, receptor-binding domain. B, Correlation plots between AUC for each ELISA and neutralization titer (NT50) for all samples. Vertical dashed line indicates the limit of detection for the neutralization assay; horizontal dashed lines, the AUC values for the negative control sample (2017–2018 serum sample pool) for each assay, colored based on the assay as in A. C, For each antibody type measured, individuals who were symptomatic and required hospitalization as part of their care had significantly higher antibody levels during the first 1–2 months after symptom onset. *P ≤ .05; †P ≤ .01. P values were calculated using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. As in A and B, the dashed line in each facet indicates the AUC value for the negative control sample for each assay, colored by assay.CC BY · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 53 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Wu, medRxiv [Preprint]

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 266

Related

Metadata

Authors
Crawford, K. H. D., Dingens, A. S., Eguia, R., Wolf, C. R., Wilcox, N., Logue, J. K., Shuey, K., Casto, A. M., Fiala, B., Wrenn, S., Pettie, D., King, N. P., Greninger, A. L., Chu, H. Y., & Bloom, J. D.
Affiliations
  • University of Washington (US)
  • Fred Hutch Cancer Center (US)
  • Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
Corresponding author
  • Chu, Helen Y
  • Bloom, Jesse D
ORCID
Venue
The Journal of Infectious Diseases
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2020-09-30
Volume
223
Issue
2
Pages
197-205
ISSN
  • 0022-1899 (ISSN-L)
  • 1537-6613
DOI
10.1093/infdis/jiaa618
PMC
PMC7543487
OpenAlex
W3091039991
Cited by
265
References
53
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 120 · 2020: 21
FWCI
7.58
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • The Journal of Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • medRxiv (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI141707, F30AI149928)
  • National Institutes of Health
  • Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1156262)
  • Burroughs Wellcome Fund
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing
Keywords
SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, neutralizing antibodies, antibody titer decline, spike protein, receptor binding domain, humoral immune response, long-term immunity, asymptomatic infection
MeSH terms
COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Aged, Antibodies, Viral, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Time Factors, Young Adult, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review