The DOI matches its Crossref record; 9 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 18 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Environmental surveillance for polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative.
Open accessAbstract
This article summarizes the status of environmental surveillance (ES) used by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, provides the rationale for ES, gives examples of ES methods and findings, and summarizes how these data are used to achieve poliovirus eradication. ES complements clinical acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance for possible polio cases. ES detects poliovirus circulation in environmental sewage and is used to monitor transmission in communities. If detected, the genetic sequences of polioviruses isolated from ES are compared with those of isolates from clinical cases to evaluate the relationships among viruses. To evaluate poliovirus transmission, ES programs must be developed in a manner that is sensitive, with sufficiently frequent sampling, appropriate isolation methods, and specifically targeted sampling sites in locations at highest risk for poliovirus transmission. After poliovirus ceased to be detected in human cases, ES documented the absence of endemic WPV transmission and detected imported WPV. ES provides valuable information, particularly in high-density populations where AFP surveillance is of poor quality, persistent virus circulation is suspected, or frequent virus reintroduction is perceived. Given the benefits of ES, GPEI plans to continue and expand ES as part of its strategic plan and as a supplement to AFP surveillance.
Overview
Integrity signals
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Claims the paper makes
25 Own result · 21 Own interpretation · 18 No basis given · 12 Not checked yet · 1 Own method
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Over time, WPV detection at ES sites has shifted to demonstrate widespread circulation to a more focal distribution of positive sites.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS > Pakistan
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“ES has played a key role in documenting the elimination of WPV from Egypt and India [3, 4].”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In all countries that use ES, both WPV and VDPV isolates are detected from environmental sewage sampling after concentration of so-called grabbed samples, using either the 2-phase method (in Pakistan, Egypt, and Nigeria) or the precipitation method (in India), and virus isolation on permissive cells [1].”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In November 2012, an academic research project reported the isolation of WPV3 in ES samples in the Makoko area of Lagos.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS > Nigeria
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both Pakistan and Nigeria, 2 of 3 remaining polio-endemic countries, but also Israel, Egypt, and India, which are now polio free, have used ES as a tool to detect WPV transmission and complement AFP surveillance.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A member of the technical team was tasked to observe the early morning flow of sewage in the main channel and noted that maximum flow of sewage water occurred between 6:00 AM and 7:00 AM.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS > Nigeria
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Polio laboratories have implemented ES programs in several key countries, namely Egypt, Israel, Pakistan, India, and Nigeria.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Besides Kano, the states of Sokoto, Borno, Yobe, Kaduna, and Bauchi have been at higher risk for continued WPV transmission than other northern states.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS > Nigeria
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Pakistan, WPV transmission during 2009–2012 has occurred in conflict-affected and inaccessible areas along the border with Afghanistan.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS > Pakistan
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since implementation of ES in Pakistan in 2009, WPV has been isolated frequently from sewage samples collected from all major sites in Pakistan, even in the absence of confirmed WPV cases detected through AFP surveillance.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS > Pakistan
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 39
- Probably not a substantial claim. 7
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the various methods of waste disposal identified, it was observed that around 60% of population waste is through the open sewage channel, thus making it possible to collect multiple good-quality samples for the purpose of environmental sampling.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS > Nigeria
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, WPV was found in Lahore in the absence of AFP cases, which allowed the program to continue the inclusion of vaccination efforts to stop silent WPV transmission within Lahore and prevent spread throughout the province.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS > Pakistan
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“From 2010 through 2013, WPV transmission has remained endemic in northern Nigerian states, with Kano state in northern Nigeria considered an epicenter of polio in Nigeria [12].”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS > Nigeria
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During this feasibility assessment, it was documented that there were no organized/functioning sewage wastewater disposal/treatment systems in Kano state; however, there were remnants of 5 nonfunctional sewage-pumping stations.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS > Nigeria
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Nigeria, although AFP surveillance targets continue to be met in all states, virological data have indicated that AFP surveillance alone has not been sufficiently sensitive to detect all chains of WPV transmission in a timely manner.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS > Nigeria
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In these countries, ES is undertaken in large population centers and other strategic locations where the risk of poliovirus circulation is highest.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Samples from sites in some areas (eg, Sindh and Punjab provinces) have consistently yielded WPV isolates in the absence of WPV-positive AFP cases from the same area, thereby enabling a focus on preventive action in these areas because of the detected circulation in locations where either no AFP cases have yet occurred or are cases have been underreported.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS > Pakistan
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“WPV type 1 (WPV1) has been found in all except one sampling site of Karachi, while WPV3 was last detected in mid 2010.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS > Pakistan
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Transmission of WPV in 2012 in Nigeria has predominantly involved WPV1, and no WPV3 has been detected in 2013.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS > Nigeria
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Pakistan, ES started in Karachi (Sindh province) and Lahore (Punjab) during 2009 and was extended to the other major cities in all 4 provinces (Quetta, in Balochistan; Multan, Rawalpindi, and Faisalabad, in Punjab; and Peshawar, in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), thereby increasing the number of ES sampling sites from 17 in 2011 to 23 in 2012.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS > Pakistan
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After poliovirus ceased to be detected in human cases, ES documented the absence of endemic WPV transmission and detected imported WPV.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In India, sampling of sewage helped to characterize the epidemiology of poliovirus circulation, as previously described [2,4].”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of districts affected by WPV has remained largely unchanged from 2009 (17 districts) to 2012 (19 districts), and these districts are located in the northern transmission zone (northwestern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, bordering eastern Afghanistan), and in the southern transmission zone (Balochistan, bordering southern Afghanistan).”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS > Pakistan
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three of these sites (Kofar Dundaye, Kofar Kware, and Rumbukawa) are located in Sokoto North LGA, and 1 site (Tudun Wada) is in Sokoto South LGA. Both of these LGAs are known high-risk areas for poliovirus circulation.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS > Nigeria
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“WPV transmission has been documented in Israel, where the ES system has been used since 1988 as an early warning system to detect imported WPV [5–7].”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5]
- Not checked yetcites [6]
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ES detects poliovirus circulation in environmental sewage and is used to monitor transmission in communities.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, in 2012, 2 type 2 VDPVs were isolated in Karachi through ES, which were subsequently genetically linked to circulating VDPV isolates from AFP cases in Balochistan”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS > Pakistan
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was one major sewage channel, referred to as Jakara, that passes through the city and is the sole drainage system for the identified high-risk LGAs.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS > Nigeria
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although ES in Nigeria is not geographically representative, results are consistent with the serotype distribution in AFP cases, as WPV1 has been more frequently detected than WPV3.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS > Nigeria
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The last detection of WPV1 and WPV3 strains in sewage samples in Delhi occurred in August 2010 and July 2010, respectively (Figure 4).”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS > India
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A gradual decline in isolation frequency and, finally, complete absence of WPV in sewage samples was observed from 2008 onward.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS > India
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In 2013 in Israel and the West Bank, a related strain of WPV was detected that triggered vaccination responses. Similarly to Egypt, no WPV-confirmed AFP cases were detected [5–7].”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS > WPV Transmission in Egypt and Israel
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5]
- Not checked yetcites [6]
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Systematic ES for poliovirus circulation has been conducted in Egypt since 2000, during which surveillance has revealed (1) WPVs in sewage, 1 year after cessation of detection in AFP cases in 2004; (2) 4 independent importations of WPV; and (3) several VDPVs, which have been detected in various locations.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS > WPV Transmission in Egypt and Israel
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, some countries at high risk of importation and recent outbreaks include Kenya, Somalia, and those bordering Nigeria in West and Central Africa.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES EXPANSION AND ASSESSMENT OF SITES
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, in late 2013 through early 2014, WPV related to the virus circulating in Israel, the West Bank, and Egypt was detected in AFP cases in Syria (36 cases) and subsequently in Iraq (1 case), thereby leading to further outbreak response efforts throughout these and neighboring Middle Eastern countries.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS > WPV Transmission in Egypt and Israel
plaindirectn = 36- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the findings of ES identified type 2 VDPVs, indicating the existence of population groups with profound immunity gaps to type 2 poliovirus who are excreting the virus in the environment.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS > Nigeria
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Mumbai, the last WPV1 strain was detected in sewage samples in November 2010, and the last WPV3 strain was recovered in December 2009 (Figure 4).”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS > India
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No WPV transmission was detected in ES samples from these 2 sites; however, VDPVs were isolated.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS > India
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Egypt in December 2012, WPV1 was isolated from 2 environmental sites in Cairo, although no WPV-confirmed AFP cases were detected, and no additional samples collected subsequently were found to be positive following enhanced sampling and immunization response activities.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS > WPV Transmission in Egypt and Israel
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“such strains, although rare, arise from multiple genetic reversions and sustained transmission over time of the attenuated polioviruses found in oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), especially in areas with suboptimal vaccine coverage [8].”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To evaluate poliovirus transmission, ES programs must be developed in a manner that is sensitive, with sufficiently frequent sampling, appropriate isolation methods, and specifically targeted sampling sites in locations at highest risk for poliovirus transmission.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The examination of stool samples from patients identified through AFP surveillance and subsequent isolation of poliovirus from the stool permits a focused investigation of polio cases and forms the basis for further investigations of the community-level risk of poliovirus transmission [10].”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > RATIONALE FOR ES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ES provides valuable information, particularly in high-density populations where AFP surveillance is of poor quality, persistent virus circulation is suspected, or frequent virus reintroduction is perceived.”
- Also stated in: § RATIONALE FOR ES · plain
“ES can provide valuable information, particularly in high-density urban populations where AFP surveillance is absent or of poor quality, persistent virus circulation is suspected, or frequent virus reintroduction is perceived.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Infected people excrete poliovirus in feces for up to several weeks regardless of whether they have symptoms.
- Rests on an assumption: Many excreted poliovirus particles remain infectious in the environment for varying periods depending on wastewater conditions.
- Rests on an assumption: Testing composite human fecal samples through environmental surveillance links poliovirus isolates from unknown individuals to the populations served by the sewage or wastewater system.
- Also stated in: § RATIONALE FOR ES · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Surveillance of VDPV emergence and monitoring of cessation of vaccine virus circulation is of high importance during the eradication endgame.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > SUMMARY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ES showed that large metropolitan areas are constantly at risk of reintroduction of WPVs from all poliovirus-endemic sites in the country and may also serve to redistribute the viruses, as large numbers of people from all over the country travel to these cities regularly for various purposes, including employment and tourism.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS > India
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Resource requirements for sample collection and laboratory isolation may require a balanced investment in ES versus case-based AFP surveillance.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > SUMMARY
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In conclusion, ES has been a valuable tool within polio-endemic countries during current eradication efforts, as well as a method to potentially provide early detection of new importations or VDPV transmission.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > SUMMARY
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, ES helped to detect poliovirus in the final stages of eradication, with poliovirus no longer considered to be endemic in India in 2012, and continues to provide important information documenting the absence of WPVs in sewage, in conjunction with the absence of ongoing WPV cases detected through AFP surveillance.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS > India
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The detection of so-called orphan viruses (defined as polioviruses in which nucleotides at ≥1.5% of positions differ from those of known poliovirus) in ES indicates undetected poliovirus transmission, thus supporting the need to improve surveillance sensitivity.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS > Nigeria
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As described here, the ES complements AFP surveillance, allowing linkages to characterize continued circulation and identify remaining WPV reservoirs.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > SUMMARY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both ES and AFP case-based surveillance have proven to be useful and informative tools to guide the final stage of polio eradication efforts.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > SUMMARY
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As the goal of global eradication approaches, the potential expansion of ES may increase the sensitivity of overall poliovirus detection in the final reservoirs of WPV and help document eradication [6].”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > SUMMARY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although genetic sequencing may allow the ability to trace the origin of polioviruses to other circulating polioviruses with similar sequences, the inability to link environmental samples with infected persons may limit the ability to elucidate epidemiological linkages and to appropriately target vaccination strategies.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > SUMMARY
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Infected people excrete poliovirus in feces for up to several weeks regardless of whether they have symptoms.
“Infected individuals excrete poliovirus in feces for periods of up to several weeks, whether or not they are symptomatic.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many excreted poliovirus particles remain infectious in the environment for varying periods depending on wastewater conditions.
“Large numbers of excreted poliovirus particles remain infectious in the environment for varying durations, depending on the immediate conditions of the wastewater.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Testing composite human fecal samples through environmental surveillance links poliovirus isolates from unknown individuals to the populations served by the sewage or wastewater system.
“the examination of composite human fecal samples through ES links poliovirus isolates from unknown individuals to populations served by the sewage or wastewater system.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Because paralysis occurs in <1% of poliovirus infections, environmental surveillance can detect poliovirus circulation even in the absence of confirmed paralytic polio cases (6).”
From Surveillance to track progress toward polio eradication—worldwide, 2020–2021. (2022) · cites this paper as [6]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS > India
“WPV1 and WPV3 were isolated from sewage samples from 2001 until 2009.”
§ Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative > ES PROGRAMS > India
“In Mumbai, the last WPV1 strain was detected in sewage samples in November 2010, and the last WPV3 strain was recovered in December 2009 (Figure 4).”
Citations
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Role of environmental poliovirus surveillance in global polio eradication and beyond
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Metadata
- Authors
- Asghar, H., Diop, O. M., Weldegebriel, G., Malik, F., Shetty, S., El Bassioni, L., Akande, A. O., Al Maamoun, E., Zaidi, S., Adeniji, A. J., Burns, C. C., Deshpande, J., Oberste, M. S., & Lowther, S. A.
- Affiliations
- World Health Organization (CH)
- University of Ibadan (NG)
- National Institute of Health (PK)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Infectious Diseases
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2014-10-14
- Volume
- 210
- Issue
- suppl 1
- Pages
- S294-S303
- ISSN
- 0022-1899 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-6613
- PMC
- PMC10578309
- OpenAlex
- W2053989303
- Cited by
- 427
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 75 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 6.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Journal of Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- World Health Organization
- National Institutes of Health (CC999999)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral Infections and Immunology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral gastroenteritis research and epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Virology and Viral Diseases
- Keywords
- environmental surveillance, poliovirus, Global Polio Eradication Initiative, wastewater surveillance, acute flaccid paralysis surveillance, wild poliovirus, polio eradication
- MeSH terms
- Environmental Monitoring, Humans, Poliomyelitis, Sewage, Poliovirus, Disease Eradication, Epidemiological Monitoring
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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