Cited by 182Gut microbiota and healthNuts composition and effectsNutritional Studies and Diet

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Walnut Consumption Alters the Gastrointestinal Microbiota, Microbially Derived Secondary Bile Acids, and Health Markers in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial

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Holscher, Hannah D, Guetterman, Heather M, Swanson, Kelly S, An, Ruopeng, Matthan, Nirupa R, Lichtenstein, Alice H, Novotny, Janet A, Baer, David J·2018·The Journal of Nutrition

DOI 10.1093/jn/nxy004PMC PMC5991202

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Abstract

Background: Epidemiologic data suggest that diets rich in nuts have beneficial health effects, including reducing total and cause-specific mortality from cancer and heart disease. Although there is accumulating preclinical evidence that walnuts beneficially affect the gastrointestinal microbiota and gut and metabolic health, these relations have not been investigated in humans. Objective: We aimed to assess the impact of walnut consumption on the human gastrointestinal microbiota and metabolic markers of health. Methods: A controlled-feeding, randomized crossover study was undertaken in healthy men and women [n = 18; mean age = 53.1 y; body mass index (kg/m2): 28.8]. Study participants received isocaloric diets containing 0 or 42 g walnuts/d for two 3-wk periods, with a 1-wk washout between diet periods. Fecal and blood samples were collected at baseline and at the end of each period to assess secondary outcomes of the study, including effects of walnut consumption on fecal microbiota and bile acids and metabolic markers of health. Results: Compared with after the control period, walnut consumption resulted in a 49-160% higher relative abundance of Faecalibacterium, Clostridium, Dialister, and Roseburia and 16-38% lower relative abundances of Ruminococcus, Dorea, Oscillospira, and Bifidobacterium (P < 0.05). Fecal secondary bile acids, deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid, were 25% and 45% lower, respectively, after the walnut treatment compared with the control treatment (P < 0.05). Serum LDL cholesterol and the noncholesterol sterol campesterol concentrations were 7% and 6% lower, respectively, after walnut consumption compared with after the control treatment (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Walnut consumption affected the composition and function of the human gastrointestinal microbiota, increasing the relative abundances of Firmicutes species in butyrate-producing Clostridium clusters XIVa and IV, including Faecalibacterium and Roseburia, and reducing microbially derived, proinflammatory secondary bile acids and LDL cholesterol. These results suggest that the gastrointestinal microbiota may contribute to the underlying mechanisms of the beneficial health effects of walnut consumption. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01832909.

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FIGURE 1 Bivariate correlations between fecal Dorea (A) and Roseburia (B) sequence abundances and lithocholic acid concentrations at the end of the walnut treatment period.CC BY-NC · PubMed Central

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Authors: Holscher, H. D., Guetterman, H. M., Swanson, K. S., An, R., Matthan, N. R., Lichtenstein, A. H., Novotny, J. A., & Baer, D. J.
Affiliations: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
Tufts University (US)
Agricultural Research Service (US)
Corresponding author: Holscher, Hannah D
ORCID: Holscher, Hannah D
Guetterman, Heather M
Swanson, Kelly S
An, Ruopeng
Matthan, Nirupa R
Lichtenstein, Alice H
Novotny, Janet A
Baer, David J
Venue: The Journal of Nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2018-06
Volume: 148
Issue: 6
Pages: 861-867
ISSN: 0022-3166 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy004
PMC: PMC5991202
OpenAlex: W2800131331
Cited by: 182
References: 53
Citations by year: 2026: 22 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 10
FWCI: 7.56
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nuts composition and effects
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Keywords: walnut consumption, gut microbiota, secondary bile acids, deoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid, Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Clostridium cluster XIVa, Clostridium cluster IV, Firmicutes, LDL cholesterol, campesterol, non-cholesterol sterols, dietary intervention, isocaloric diet, healthy adults
MeSH terms: Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Adult, Aged, Bacteria, Bile Acids and Salts, Diet, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Biomarkers, Cross-Over Studies, Juglans

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Walnut Consumption Alters the Gastrointestinal Microbiota, Microbially Derived Secondary Bile Acids, and Health Markers in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial

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