Effects of exercise and diet on chronic disease
Abstract
Currently, modern chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, Type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cancer, are the leading killers in Westernized society and are increasing rampantly in developing nations. In fact, obesity, diabetes, and hypertension are now even commonplace in children. Clearly, however, there is a solution to this epidemic of metabolic disease that is inundating today’s societies worldwide: exercise and diet. Overwhelming evidence from a variety of sources, including epidemiological, prospective cohort, and intervention studies, links most chronic diseases seen in the world today to physical inactivity and inappropriate diet consumption. The purpose of this review is to 1) discuss the effects of exercise and diet in the prevention of chronic disease, 2) highlight the effects of lifestyle modification for both mitigating disease progression and reversing existing disease, and 3) suggest potential mechanisms for beneficial effects.
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100% of the increase in prevalence of Type 2 diabetes and obesity in the United States during the latter half of the 20th century must be attributed to a changing environment interacting with genes, because 0% of the human genome changed during this time period.
“As previously pointed out by Booth et al. [640], 100% of the increase in the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes and obesity in the United States during the latter half of the 20th century must be attributed to a changing environment interacting with genes, because 0% of the human genome has changed during this time period.”
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- Authors
- Roberts, C. K., & Barnard, R. J.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2005-01
- Volume
- 98
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-30
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2166309615
- Cited by
- 556
- References
- 440
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 46
- FWCI
- 14.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL 68406-01, F32HL068406)
- National Cancer Institute (CA42710, CA 100938, R01CA100938)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health and Lifestyle Studies
- Keywords
- physical activity, diet, chronic disease prevention, physical inactivity, lifestyle modification, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cancer, obesity, hypertension, disease progression, disease reversal
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Chronic Disease, Clinical Trials as Topic, Coronary Artery Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Diet Therapy, Exercise Therapy, Humans, Hypertension, Neoplasms, Treatment Outcome, Metabolic Syndrome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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