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Cited by 1,234Optimism, Hope, and Well-beingEducation, Achievement, and GiftednessPsychological and Educational Research Studies

The development and validation of the children’s Hope scale

Snyder, C. R., Hoza, Betsy, Pelham, William E., Rapoff, Michael, Ware, Leanne, Danovsky, Michael, Highberger, Lori, Ribinstein, Howard +1 more·1997·Journal of Pediatric Psychology
DOI 10.1093/jpepsy/22.3.399
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Abstract

Assuming that children are goal-oriented, it is suggested that their thoughts are related to two components--agency and pathways. Agency thoughts reflect the perception that children can initiate and sustain action toward a desired goal; pathways thoughts reflect the children's perceived capability to produce routes to those goals. Hope reflects the combination of agentic and pathways thinking toward goals. A six-item dispositional self-report index called the Children's Hope Scale is introduced and validated for use with children ages 8-16. Results suggest that the scale evidence internal consistency, and is relatively stable over retesting. Additionally, the scale exhibits convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity. Limitations and uses of the scale are discussed.

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  • The primary objectives and focus of an SBM program, student demographics, perspectives of teachers and mentors, and the specific context of the school-including its resources and existing programs-all play a role in determining the selection of the outcome domain.

    “The primary objectives and focus of an SBM program, student demographics, perspectives of teachers and mentors, and the specific context of the school-including its resources and existing programs-all play a role in determining the selection of the outcome domain (DuBois et al., 2011; Rhodes, 2008; Snyder et al., 1997).”

    From Outcome domains and assessment measures in school-based youth mentoring programs: a systematic review (2026) · cites this paper as Snyder et al., 1997

    The Item Selection section describes how items for the Children’s Hope Scale were chosen, and the Discussion addresses the scale’s validation; neither addresses selecting outcome domains for a school-based mentoring program. Searches for program objectives, student demographics, teacher and mentor perspectives, and school resources found no passage making the attributed point. (LLM, conf=0.78)

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Research works printed but not linked: 10

  1. In R. A. Dienstbier (Ed.), Perspectives on motivation: Current theory and research in motiva- tion (Vol. 38, pp. 199-235). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
  2. Harter, S. (1985). Manual for the Self-Perception Profile for Children: Revision of the Perceived Competence Scale for Children. Denver, CO: University of Denver Press.
  3. Hinton-Nelson, M. D., Roberts, M. C, & Snyder, C. R. (1996). Exposure to violence and early adolescent's perceptions of hope and vulnerability to victimization. American Journal of Ortho- psychiatry, 66(3), 346-353.
  4. Kazdin, A. E., French, N. H., Unis, A. S., Esveldt-Dawson, K., & Sherick, R. B. (1983). Hopelessness, depression, and suicidal intent among psychiatrically disturbed children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 504-510.
  5. Kliewer, W., & Lewis, H. (1995). Family influences on coping processes in children with sickle cell disease. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 20, 511-525.
  6. Lane, S. (1992). Review of the Iowa Test of Basic Skills. In J. J. Kramer & J. C. Conoley (Eds.), The eleventh mental measurement yearbook (pp. 419-424). Lincoln: The Buros Institute of Mental Measurements, University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
  7. Lewis, H. A., & Kliewer, W. (1996). Hope, coping, and adjustment among children with sickle cell anemia: Tests of mediator and moderator models. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 21, 25-41.
  8. Snyder, C. R., McDermott, D., Cook, J. W., & Rapoff, M. (in press). Hope for the journey. San Francisco: Westview/HarperCollins.
  9. Wechsler, D. (1991). Wechler Intelligence Scale for Children (3rd ed.). San Antonio: Psychological Corp./Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
  10. Werner, E. E., & Smith, R. S. (1982). Vulnerable but invincible: A study of resilient children. New York: McGraw-Hill.

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Authors
Snyder, C. R., Hoza, B., Pelham, W. E., Rapoff, M., Ware, L., Danovsky, M., Highberger, L., Ribinstein, H., & Stahl, K. J.
Affiliations
  • University of Kansas (US)
  • Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
  • University of Pittsburgh (US)
  • The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (US)
  • Stephen F. Austin State University (US)
Corresponding author
Snyder, C. R.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Pediatric Psychology
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
1997
Volume
22
Issue
3
Pages
399-421
ISSN
  • 0146-8693 (ISSN-L)
  • 1465-735X
DOI
10.1093/jpepsy/22.3.399
OpenAlex
W2147434822
Cited by
1,234
References
17
Citations by year
2026: 48 · 2025: 65 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 104 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 52 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 57 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 48
FWCI
21.71
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Journal of Pediatric Psychology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (2t32mh017071-06)
  • National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (MH50467, AA 06267)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (MH45576, MH 47390, MH17071, R29MH047390, R01MH048157, MH-50467, MH 48157)
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychological and Educational Research Studies
Keywords
hope, Children's Hope Scale, agency, pathways, goal orientation, children, scale development, psychometric validation, self-report measures, dispositional hope
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Aspirations, Psychological, Child, Psychology, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Sampling Studies, Self-Assessment, Thinking, Reproducibility of Results, Case-Control Studies

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