School-based mental health intervention for children in war-affected Burundi: a cluster randomized trial
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Armed conflicts are associated with a wide range of impacts on the mental health of children and adolescents. We evaluated the effectiveness of a school-based intervention aimed at reducing symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety (treatment aim); and improving a sense of hope and functioning (preventive aim). METHODS: We conducted a cluster randomized trial with 329 children in war-affected Burundi (aged 8 to 17 (mean 12.29 years, standard deviation 1.61); 48% girls). One group of children (n = 153) participated in a 15-session school-based intervention implemented by para-professionals, and the remaining 176 children formed a waitlist control condition. Outcomes were measured before, one week after, and three months after the intervention. RESULTS: No main effects of the intervention were identified. However, longitudinal growth curve analyses showed six favorable and two unfavorable differences in trajectories between study conditions in interaction with several moderators. Children in the intervention condition living in larger households showed decreases on depressive symptoms and function impairment, and those living with both parents showed decreases on posttraumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms. The groups of children in the waitlist condition showed increases in depressive symptoms. In addition, younger children and those with low levels of exposure to traumatic events in the intervention condition showed improvements on hope. Children in the waitlist condition who lived on their original or newly bought land showed improvements in hope and function impairment, whereas children in the intervention condition showed deterioration on these outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Given inconsistent effects across studies, findings do not support this school-based intervention as a treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms in conflict-affected children. The intervention appears to have more consistent preventive benefits, but these effects are contingent upon individual (for example, age, gender) and contextual (for example, family functioning, state of conflict, displacement) variables. Results suggest the potential benefit of school-based preventive interventions particularly in post-conflict settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was registered as ISRCTN42284825.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
There is some evidence that treatments can be effective in situations of ongoing adversity, whereas other studies have shown reduced treatment benefits for populations facing chronic adversity.
“With regard to the second question, there is some evidence that treatments can be effective in situations of ongoing adversity [19],[20], whereas other studies have shown reduced treatment benefits for populations facing chronic adversity [21].”
From World Health Organization guidelines for management of acute stress, PTSD, and bereavement: key challenges on the road ahead (2014) · cites this paper as [21]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Skill formation and the economics of investing in disadvantaged children
Heckman, J. J. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1128898 · Cited by 3,559 · see citing works
Consort 2010 statement: extension to cluster randomised trials
Campbell, M. K., Piaggio, G., Elbourne, D. R., Altman, D. G., & for the CONSORT Group (2012) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.e5661 · Cited by 3,510 · see citing works
BIRMAHER, B., KHETARPAL, S., BRENT, D., CULLY, M., BALACH, L., KAUFMAN, J., & NEER, S. M. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199704000-00018 · Cited by 2,846 · see citing works
Mediators and Moderators of Treatment Effects in Randomized Clinical Trials
Kraemer, H. C., Wilson, G. T., Fairburn, C. G., & Agras, W. S. (2002) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.10.877 · Cited by 2,562 · see citing works
CONSORT statement: extension to cluster randomised trials
Campbell, M. K., Elbourne, D. R., & Altman, D. G. (2004) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7441.702 · Cited by 2,557 · see citing works
The development and validation of the children’s Hope scale
Snyder, C. R., Hoza, B., Pelham, W. E., Rapoff, M., Ware, L., Danovsky, M., Highberger, L., Ribinstein, H., & Stahl, K. J. (1997) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/22.3.399 · Cited by 1,234 · see citing works
A Multisite, Randomized Controlled Trial for Children With Sexual Abuse–Related PTSD Symptoms
Cohen, J. A., Deblinger, E., Mannarino, A. P., & Steer, R. A. (2004) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200404000-00005 · Cited by 1,123 · cited 1× · see citing works
“78 for depressive symptoms [27,28], a twosided α equal to 0.”
The Child PTSD Symptom Scale: A Preliminary Examination of its Psychometric Properties
Foa, E. B., Johnson, K. M., Feeny, N. C., & Treadwell, K. R. H. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3003_9 · Cited by 1,103 · see citing works
Birleson, P. (1981) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1981.tb00533.x · Cited by 859 · see citing works
Betancourt, T. S., & Khan, K. T. (2008) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540260802090363 · Cited by 840 · see citing works
IASC Guidelines on Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings
Carll, E. K. (2008) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e518422011-002 · Cited by 681 · see citing works
Mental health and psychosocial support in humanitarian settings: linking practice and research
Tol, W. A., Barbui, C., Galappatti, A., Silove, D., Betancourt, T. S., Souza, R., Golaz, A., & van Ommeren, M. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61094-5 · Cited by 625 · see citing works
Self-citationUnited Nations Development Programme (2011) · doi:10.18356/fdcff8d6-en · Cited by 619 · see citing works
Bolton, P., Bass, J., Betancourt, T., Speelman, L., Onyango, G., Clougherty, K. F., Neugebauer, R., Murray, L., & Verdeli, H. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.298.5.519 · Cited by 589 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Previous evaluation studies of psychosocial interventions in diverse settings have found differing effects by age and gender [17-21].”
Development of a brief coping checklist for use with pediatric populations.
Spirito, A., Stark, L. J., & Williams, C. (1988) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/13.4.555 · Cited by 575 · see citing works
Wessells, M. (2010) · 57th Annual Meeting (October 26-31, 2010) · Cited by 544 · see citing works
Tol, W. A., Song, S., & Jordans, M. J. D. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12053 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Self-citationAn introduction to latent growth curve modeling
Duncan, T. E., & Duncan, S. C. (2004) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(04)80042-x · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Prevalence of mental disorders among children exposed to war: a systematic review of 7,920 children
Attanayake, V., McKay, R., Joffres, M., Singh, S., Burkle, F., & Mills, E. (2009) · Medicine, Conflict and Survival · doi:10.1080/13623690802568913 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
An Integrated Scientific Framework for Child Survival and Early Childhood Development
Shonkoff, J. P., Richter, L., van der Gaag, J., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2012) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2011-0366 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
van Ommeren, M., Sharma, B., Thapa, S. B., Makaju, R., Prasain, D., Bhattarai, R., & de Jong, J. T. V. M. (1999) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/136346159903600304 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Jordans, M. J. D., Komproe, I. H., Tol, W. A., Kohrt, B. A., Luitel, N. P., Macy, R. D., & De Jong, J. T. V. M. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02209.x · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Self-citationBetancourt, T. S., Meyers-Ohki, S. E., Charrow, A. P., & Tol, W. A. (2013) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0b013e318283bf8f · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Self-citationCommunity-Implemented Trauma Therapy for Former Child Soldiers in Northern Uganda
Ertl, V., Pfeiffer, A., Schauer, E., Elbert, T. R., & Neuner, F. (2011) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1060 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Pawlisz, M. (2011) · Array · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Marshall, C. (2022) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2022.2147420 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Tol, W. A., Komproe, I. H., Susanty, D., Jordans, M. J. D., Macy, R. D., & De Jong, J. T. V. M. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.300.6.655 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Self-citationLayne, C. M., Pynoos, R. S., Saltzman, W. R., Arslanagić, B., Black, M., Savjak, N., Popović, T., Duraković, E., Mušić, M., Ćampara, N., et al. (2001) · Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice · doi:10.1037/1089-2699.5.4.277 · Cited by 278 · cited 2× · see citing works
“[28].”
InfluentialChildren and mothers in war: an outcome study of a psychosocial intervention program
Dybdahl, R. (2001) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00343 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Young, H., & Harvey, P. (2004) · Disasters · doi:10.1111/j.0361-3666.2004.00245.x · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Betancourt, T. S., Brennan, R. T., Rubin-Smith, J., Fitzmaurice, G. M., & Gilman, S. E. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.03.008 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Psychometric and cognitive validation of a social capital measurement tool in Peru and Vietnam
Silva, M. J. D., Trudy Harpham, C., Tran, T., Bartolini, R. M., Penny, M. E., & HUTTLY, S. R. A. (2005) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.06.050 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Jordans, M. J. D., Tol, W. A., Komproe, I. H., & De Jong, J. V. T. M. (2009) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2008.00515.x · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Self-citationThemnér, L., & Wallensteen, P. (2012) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343312452421 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Mental Health and Childhood Adversities: A Longitudinal Study in Kabul, Afghanistan
Panter‐Brick, C., Goodman, A., Tol, W. A., & Eggerman, M. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.12.001 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Self-citationTOL, W. A., KOMPROE, I. H., JORDANS, M. J. D., VALLIPURAM, A., SIPSMA, H., SIVAYOKAN, S., MACY, R. D., & DE JONG, J. T. (2012) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.wpsyc.2012.05.008 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Self-citationAn evaluation of trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy for children in Zambia
Murray, L. K., Familiar, I., Skavenski, S. V. W., Jere, E., Cohen, J., Imasiku, M. L., Mayeya, J., Bass, J., & Bolton, P. A. (2013) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.04.017 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Themnér, L., & Wallensteen, P. (2013) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343313494396 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Paardekooper, B., de Jong, J. T. V. M., & Hermanns, J. M. A. (1999) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00471 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Ager, A., Akesson, B., Stark, L., Flouri, E., Okot, B., McCollister, F., & Boothby, N. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02407.x · Cited by 153 · see citing works
(2008) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203893104 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Treating Traumatized Children: Risk, Resilience and Recovery
Abrahams, L. (2009) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.2989/jcamh.2009.21.1.12.814 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Paardekooper, B., de Jong, J. T. V. M., & Hermanns, J. M. A. (1999) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1017/s002196309900390x · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Management of Acute Stress, PTSD, and Bereavement: WHO Recommendations
Tol, W. A., Barbui, C., & van Ommeren, M. (2013) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2013.166723 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationTreating Traumatized Children: Risk, Resilience and Recovery
Abeles, P. (2010) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2009.00554_2.x · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Mediators and moderators of a psychosocial intervention for children affected by political violence.
Tol, W. A., Komproe, I. H., Jordans, M. J. D., Gross, A. L., Susanty, D., Macy, R. D., & de Jong, J. T. V. M. (2010) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021348 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationChildren and conflict in a changing world : Machel study 10-year strategic review
Conflict, A. (2009) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Development of a multi-layered psychosocial care system for children in areas of political violence
Jordans, M. J. D., Tol, W. A., Komproe, I. H., Susanty, D., Vallipuram, A., Ntamatumba, P., Lasuba, A. C., & de Jong, J. T. V. M. (2010) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/1752-4458-4-15 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychosocial support and marginalization of youth-headed households in Rwanda
Thurman, T. R., Snider, L., Boris, N. W., Kalisa, E., Mugarira, E. N., Ntaganira, J., & Brown, L. F. (2006) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540120500456656 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Jordans, M. J. D., Tol, W. A., Susanty, D., Ntamatumba, P., Luitel, N. P., Komproe, I. H., & de Jong, J. T. V. M. (2013) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001371 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationZahr, L. K. (1996) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/h0080190 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Moderators of Treatment Effectiveness for War-Affected Youth With Depression in Northern Uganda
Betancourt, T. S., Newnham, E. A., Brennan, R. T., Verdeli, H., Borisova, I., Neugebauer, R., Bass, J., & Bolton, P. (2012) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.02.010 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Jordans, M. J. D., Komproe, I. H., Tol, W. A., Susanty, D., Vallipuram, A., Ntamatumba, P., Lasuba, A. C., & De Jong, J. T. V. M. (2011) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-010-9301-9 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationHealing in familiar settings: Support for children and youth in the classroom and community
Macy, R. D., Macy, D. J., Gross, S. I., & Brighton, P. (2003) · New Directions for Youth Development · doi:10.1002/yd.44 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationTol, W. A., Rees, S. J., & Silove, D. M. (2013) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796013000188 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationCommunal Violence and Child Psychosocial Well-being: Qualitative Findings from Poso, Indonesia
Tol, W. A., Reis, R., Susanty, D., & de Jong, J. T. V. M. (2010) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461510364573 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationEcological resilience: working with child-related psychosocial resources in war-affected communities
Tol, W. A. (2008) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203893104-18 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationTol, W. A., Komproe, I. H., Jordans, M. J. D., Susanty, D., & de Jong, J. T. V. M. (2011) · International Journal for Quality in Health Care · doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzr032 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationMental health in humanitarian settings: shifting focus to care systems
Jordans, M. J. D., & Tol, W. A. (2012) · International Health · doi:10.1093/inthealth/ihs005 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationVentevogel, P., Komproe, I. H., Jordans, M. J. D., Feo, P., & de Jong, J. T. V. M. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-36 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Zahr RK Effect of war on the behavior of Lebanese preschool children Am J Orthopsychiatry 1996 66 401 408 8827263
- Muthen LK Muthen BO MPLUS User’s Guide: Fifth Edition 2008 Los Angeles, CA: Muthen & Muthen
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Barnett, M. L., Gonzalez, A., Miranda, J., Chavira, D. A., & Lau, A. S. (2018) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-017-0815-0 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Mental health interventions in schools in low-income and middle-income countries
Fazel, M. S., Patel, V., Thomas, S., & Tol, W. A. (2014) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(14)70357-8 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Self-citationKohrt, B. A., Asher, L., Bhardwaj, A., Fazel, M. S., Jordans, M. J. D., Mutamba, B. B., Nadkarni, A., Pedersen, G. A., Singla, D. R., & Patel, V. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15061279 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Self-citationDorsey, S., McLaughlin, K. A., Kerns, S. E. U., Harrison, J. P., Lambert, H. K., Briggs, E. C., Revillion Cox, J., & Amaya-Jackson, L. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2016.1220309 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Morina, N., Koerssen, R., & Pollet, T. V. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.05.006 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Understanding resilience: New approaches for preventing and treating PTSD
Horn, S. R. G.-V., Charney, D. S., & Feder, A. (2016) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.07.002 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Murray, L. K., Skavenski, S. V. W., Kane, J. C., Mayeya, J., Dorsey, S., Cohen, J., Michalopoulos, L., Imasiku, M. L., & Bolton, P. A. (2015) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0580 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Jordans, M. J. D., Pigott, H., & Tol, W. A. (2016) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-015-0648-z · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Self-citationPurgato, M., Gastaldon, C., Papola, D., van Ommeren, M., Barbui, C., & Tol, W. A. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011849.pub2 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Self-citationPurgato, M., Gross, A. L., Betancourt, T. S., Bolton, P. A., Bonetto, C., Gastaldon, C., Gordon, J. S., O'Callaghan, P., Papola, D., Peltonen, K., et al. (2018) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(18)30046-9 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Self-citationAdverse childhood experiences and lifelong health
Bhutta, Z. A., Bhavnani, S., Betancourt, T. S., Tomlinson, M., & Patel, V. (2023) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02426-0 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Yatham, S., Sivathasan, S., Yoon, R., da Silva, T. L., & Ravindran, A. V. (2018) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2017.10.029 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Psychological therapies for children and adolescents exposed to trauma
Gillies, D., Maiocchi, L., Bhandari, A. P., Taylor, F., Gray, C., & O'Brien, L. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012371 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Young lives disrupted: gender and well-being among adolescent Syrian refugees in Lebanon
DeJong, J., Sbeity, F., Schlecht, J., Harfouche, M., Yamout, R., Fouad, F. M., Manohar, S., & Robinson, C. (2017) · Conflict and Health · doi:10.1186/s13031-017-0128-7 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citationOsborn, T. L., Wasil, A. R., Venturo‐Conerly, K. E., Schleider, J. L., & Weisz, J. R. (2019) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2019.09.005 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Murray, L. K., Tol, W. A., Jordans, M. J. D., Sabir, G., Amin, A. M., Bolton, P. A., Bass, J., Bonilla-Escobar, F. J., & Thornicroft, G. (2014) · Intervention · doi:10.1097/wtf.0000000000000070 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationFondren, K., Lawson, M., Speidel, R., McDonnell, C. G., & Valentino, K. (2019) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104691 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Brown, F. L., de Graaff, A. M., Annan, J. R., & Betancourt, T. S. (2016) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12671 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Singla, D. R., Waqas, A., Hamdani, S. U., Suleman, N., Zafar, S. W., Zill-e-Huma, Saeed, K., Servili, C., & Rahman, A. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.04.010 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Petersen, I., Evans-Lacko, S., Semrau, M., Barry, M. M., Chisholm, D., Gronholm, P., Egbe, C. O., & Thornicroft, G. (2016) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-016-0060-z · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Nexhmedin Morina, B., Malek, M., Nickerson, A., & Bryant, R. A. (2017) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.115.180265 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Tol, W. A., Barbui, C., Bisson, J., Cohen, J., Hijazi, Z., Jones, L., de Jong, J. T. V. M., Magrini, N., Omigbodun, O., Seedat, S., et al. (2014) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001769 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“With regard to the second question, there is some evidence that treatments can be effective in situations of ongoing adversity [19,20], whereas other studies have shown reduced treatment benefits for populations facing chronic adversity [21].”
Self-citationPapola, D., Purgato, M., Gastaldon, C., Bovo, C., van Ommeren, M., Barbui, C., & Tol, W. A. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012417.pub2 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationAn evaluation of a common elements treatment approach for youth in Somali refugee camps
Murray, L. K., Hall, B. J., Dorsey, S., Ugueto, A. M., Puffer, E. S., Sim, A. L., Ismael, A.-S., Bass, J., Akiba, C. F., Lucid, L., et al. (2018) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2018.7 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Kamali, M., Munyuzangabo, M., Siddiqui, F. J., Gaffey, M. F., Meteke, S., Als, D., Jain, R., Radhakrishnan, A., Shah, S., Ataullahjan, A., et al. (2020) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002014 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Mental health interventions for adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa: A scoping review
Mabrouk, A., Mbithi, G., Chongwo, E. J., Too, E. K., Sarki, A. M., Namuguzi, M., Atukwatse, J., Ssewanyana, D., & Abubakar, A. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.937723 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Mental health interventions by lay counsellors: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Connolly, S. M., Vanchu-Orosco, M., Warner, J., Seidi, P. A.-M., Edwards, J., Boath, E., & Irgens, A. C. (2021) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.20.269050 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Berger, R., Benatov, J., Cuadros, R., VanNattan, J., & Gelkopf, M. (2018) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461518793749 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Hall, B. J., Tol, W., Jordans, M., Bass, J., & de Jong, J. D. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.05.042 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationCeccarelli, C., Prina, E., Muneghina, O., Jordans, M. J. D., Barker, E. D., Miller, K. E., Singh, R. K., Acartürk, C., Sorsdhal, K., Cuijpers, P. J., et al. (2022) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796022000580 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationGrande, A. J., Hoffmann, M. S., Evans-Lacko, S. E., Ziebold, C., de Miranda, C. T., McDaid, D., Tomasi, C. D., & Ribeiro, W. S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1012257 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Uppendahl, J. R., Alözkan, C., Cuijpers, P. J., de Vries, R., & Sijbrandij, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00933 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Miller, K. E., Jordans, M. J. D., Tol, W. A., & Galappatti, A. (2021) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796020001110 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationEl-Khodary, B., & Samara, M. M. (2019) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2019.06.004 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Nocon, A., Eberle-Sejari, R., Unterhitzenberger, J., & Rosner, R. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1388709 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
El-Khodary, B., & Samara, M. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.01031 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Davis, R. S., Meiser‐Stedman, R., Afzal, N., Devaney, J., Halligan, S. L., Lofthouse, K., Smith, P. A., Stallard, P. N., Ye, S., & Hiller, R. M. (2023) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2023.02.013 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Haroz, E. E., Jordans, M. J. D., de Jong, J. T. V. M., Gross, A. L., Bass, J., & Tol, W. A. (2015) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191115612924 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationBeyond the DSM-5 Diagnoses: A Cross-Cultural Approach to Assessing Trauma Reactions
Patel, A., & Hall, B. J. (2021) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20200049 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Fine, S. L., Malik, A., Guimond, M.-F., Nemiro, A., Temu, G., Likindikoki, S. L., Annan, J. R., & Tol, W. A. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.103944 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationKane, J. C., Adaku, A., Nakku, J. E. M., Odokonyero, R. F., Okello, J., Musisi, S., Augustinavicius, J., Greene, M. C., Alderman, S., & Tol, W. A. (2015) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-016-0400-z · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationBangpan, M., Chiumento, A., Dickson, K., & Felix, L. M. (2017) · doi:10.21201/2017.8937 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Pfefferbaum, B. J., Nitiéma, P., & Newman, E. (2019) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-019-09494-9 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Creative arts in psychotherapy for traumatized children in South Africa: An evaluation study
van Westrhenen, N., Fritz, E., Vermeer, A., Boelen, P. A., & Kleber, R. J. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210857 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
How can adolescent aggression be reduced? A multi-level meta-analysis
Castillo-Eito, L., Armitage, C. J., Norman, P. E., Day, M. R., Doğru, O. C., & Rowe, R. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101853 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Tol, W. A. (2015) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2015.9 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationRibeiro, W. S., Grande, A. J., Hoffmann, M. S., Ziebold, C., McDaid, D., Fry, A., Peixoto, C., de Miranda, C. T., King, D., Tomasi, C. D., et al. (2022) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2022.152358 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Veronese, G., & Barola, G. (2018) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104518755220 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Resiliency predicts academic performance of Lebanese adolescents over demographic variables and hope
Ayyash‐Abdo, H., Sánchez‐Ruiz, M., & Barbari, M. L. (2016) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2016.04.005 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Newnham, E. A., Kashyap, S., Tearne, J. E., & Fazel, M. S. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97046-2_3 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Bakhshi, P., Babulal, G. M., & Trani, J. (2018) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.01.019 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Green, A., & Denov, M. S. (2019) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/1609406919832479 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Gimba, S. M., Harris, P., Saito, A., Udah, H., Martin, A., & Wheeler, A. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09713-2 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The Overview of Burundi in the Image of the African Charter on Rights and Welfare of the Child
Sindayigaya, I. (2023) · Beijing Law Review · doi:10.4236/blr.2023.142044 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Johnstone, K. M., Middleton, T., Kemps, E., & Chen, J. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22926 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Purgato, M., Prina, E., Ceccarelli, C., Cadorin, C., Abdulmalik, J. O., Amaddeo, F., Arcari, L., Churchill, R., Jordans, M. J., Lund, C., et al. (2023) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd014722.pub2 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationBangpan, M., Felix, L. M., Soliman, F., D’Souza, P., Jieman, A.-T., & Dickson, K. (2024) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2024.17 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Promotion of mental health and prevention of mental disorders: priorities for implementation
Barry, M. M., Clarke, A. M., & Petersen, I. (2015) · Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal · doi:10.26719/2015.21.7.503 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Hoppen, T. H., & Nexhmedin Morina, B. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101855 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Davaasambuu, S., Hauwadhanasuk, T., Matsuo, H., & Szatmári, P. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.01.020 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Nguyen, A. J., Lasater, M. E., Lee, C., Mallawaarachchi, I. V., Joshua, K., Bassett, L., & Gelsdorf, K. H. (2023) · Journal of Migration and Health · doi:10.1016/j.jmh.2023.100168 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Trauma Intervention in Sub-Saharan African Children: A Systematic Literature Review
Katsonga-Phiri, T., Grant, K. E., & Brown, M. M. (2017) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838017717747 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Stark, L., Asghar, K., Meyer, S. R., Yu, G., Bakemore, T., Poulton, C., & Falb, K. (2017) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2016.31 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Davaasambuu, S., Phillip, H., Ravindran, A., & Szatmari, P. (2019) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-019-00420-w · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Alözkan, C., Uppendahl, J. R., Cuijpers, P. J., de Vries, R., Rahman, A., Mittendorfer‐Rutz, E., Akhtar, A., Zheng, Z., & Sijbrandij, M. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13891 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Purgato, M., Tedeschi, F., Betancourt, T. S., Bolton, P. A., Bonetto, C., Gastaldon, C., Gordon, J. S., O’Callaghan, P., Papola, D., Peltonen, K., et al. (2019) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13151 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationScalable interventions for refugees
Bryant, R. A. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2022.59 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Are school-based mental health interventions for war-affected children effective and harmless?
Ertl, V., & Neuner, F. (2014) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-12-84 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Ventevogel, P. (2015) · Intervention · doi:10.1097/wtf.0000000000000100 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Kangaslampi, S., Punamäki, R., Qouta, S., Diab, M., & Peltonen, K. (2016) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22149 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
OʼSullivan, C., Bosqui, T., & Shannon, C. (2016) · Intervention · doi:10.1097/wtf.0000000000000110 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Kasujja, R., Bangirana, P., Chiumento, A., Hasan, M. T., Jansen, S., Kagabo, D. M., Popa, M., Ventevogel, P., & White, R. G. (2022) · Conflict and Health · doi:10.1186/s13031-022-00447-z · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Purgato, M., Tedeschi, F., Bonetto, C., de Jong, J. T. V. M., Jordans, M. J. D., Tol, W. A., & Barbui, C. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101935 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationWilker, S., Catani, C., Wittmann, J., Preuße, M., Schmidt, T. L., May, T., Ertl, V., Doering, B. K., Rosner, R., Zindler, A., et al. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-020-4127-4 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Pfefferbaum, B. J., Nitiéma, P., Newman, E., & Patel, A. (2019) · Prehospital and Disaster Medicine · doi:10.1017/s1049023x19004771 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Why art matters for youth mental health: A youth led participatory insight analysisPreprint
Easwaran, K., Narasimhan, L. S., Japee, Y., Raja, T., Murali, A., & Easwaran, D. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ap476 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Trani, J., Fowler, P. J., Bakhshi, P., & Praveen Kumar, I. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217677 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Sánchez-Villegas, M., Reyes-Ruíz, L., Taylor, L. K., Ruiz, N., & Alvarado, F. C. (2021) · Journal of Aggression Conflict and Peace Research · doi:10.1108/jacpr-08-2020-0535 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Olisaeloka, L., Udokanma, E. E., & Ashraf, A. (2024) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-024-00642-w · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Mental health services in Libya
Rhouma, A. H., Husain, N., Gire, N., & Chaudhry, I. B. (2016) · BJPsych International · doi:10.1192/s2056474000001288 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Pfefferbaum, B. J., Nitiéma, P., & Newman, E. (2019) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-019-00266-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
A comparative study of psychotic and affective symptoms in Rwandan and Kenyan students
Owoso, A., Jansen, S., Ndetei, D. M., Musau, A., Mutiso, V., Mudenge, C., Ngirababyeyi, A., Gasovya, A., & Mamah, D. T. (2017) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796016001074 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Ventevogel, P., & Spiegel, P. B. (2015) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2015.8383 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Papola, D., Prina, E., Ceccarelli, C., Cadorin, C., Gastaldon, C., Ferreira, M. C., Tol, W. A., van Ommeren, M., Barbui, C., & Purgato, M. (2024) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd014300.pub2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationMental health treatment outcome expectancies in Burundi
Irankunda, P., & Heatherington, L. (2016) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461516652302 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Brown, F. L., Lee, C., Servili, C., Willhoite, A., van Ommeren, M., Hijazi, Z., Kieselbach, B. S., & Skeen, S. (2024) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2024.57 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Freeman, J. A., Farrar, J., Placencio‐Castro, M., Desrosiers, A., Brennan, R. T., Hansen, N. B., Akinsulure‐Smith, A. M., Su, S., Bangura, J., & Betancourt, T. S. (2023) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2023.09.552 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Purgato, M., Gross, A. L., Jordans, M. J. D., de Jong, J. T. V. M., Barbui, C., & Tol, W. A. (2014) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/2046-4053-3-34 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationKenyon, G. D. M., & Schirmer, J. (2020) · Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools · doi:10.1017/jgc.2019.31 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Frasco, E., Sherr, L., Sanguineti, M. C. D., Juan, N. V. S., & Burgess, R. A. (2025) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2025.100419 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Population and Community Platform Interventions
Petersen, I., Evans-Lacko, S. E., Semrau, M., Barry, M. M., Chisholm, D., Gronholm, P. C., Egbe, C. O., & Thornicroft, G. (2016) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0426-7_ch10 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Bagneris, J. R., Noël, L. T., Harris, R. M., & Bennett, E. M. (2021) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-021-09451-9 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Fine, S. L., Blum, R. W., Bass, J., Lulebo, A., Pinandari, A. W., Stones, W. R., Wilopo, S. A., Zuo, X., & Musci, R. J. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579422000384 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ndounga‐Diakou, L. A., Ntoumi, F., Ravaud, P., & Boutron, I. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.10.008 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Doumit, M. A. A., Farhood, L., & Hamady, C. (2017) · Journal of Transcultural Nursing · doi:10.1177/1043659617700958 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Olowokere, A. E., & Okanlawon, F. A. (2018) · Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/17450128.2018.1499988 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Improving and sustaining livelihoods through group-based interventions: mapping the evidence
(3ie), I. I. F. I. E., Barooah, B., Chinoy, S. L., 3ie, Dubey, P., 3ie, Sarkar, R., 3ie, Bagai, A., 3ie, et al. (2019) · doi:10.23846/egm013 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Vásquez, C. J. A., Gamba, N. C. R., Daza-Castillo, L. A., & Quarantini, L. D. C. (2020) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2020.11.012 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Xie, S., Cheng, Q., Tan, S., Li, H., Huang, T., Xiang, Y., & Zhou, X. (2024) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2023.11.012 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Foster, C. E., Hamilton, A., & Richards, J. A. (2016) · Bristol Research (University of Bristol) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Tol, W. A., Komproe, I. H., Jordans, M. J., Ndayisaba, A., Ntamutumba, P., Sipsma, H., Smallegange, E. S., Macy, R. D., & de Jong, J. T.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Utrecht University (NL)
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tol, Wietse A
- Venue
- BMC Medicine
- Published
- 2014-04-01
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 56-56
- ISSN
- 1741-7015 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3994237
- OpenAlex
- W2119900946
- Cited by
- 170
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8
- FWCI
- 18.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Therapy and Development
- Keywords
- school-based mental health programs, children and adolescents, post-traumatic stress disorder, depressive symptoms, anxiety, hope, war-affected children, children in armed conflict, paraprofessionals, post-conflict societies, household size, parental co-residence, trauma exposure, displacement, Burundi
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Burundi, Child, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health, School Health Services, Schools, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Warfare
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
