Cited by 36Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchMindfulness and Compassion InterventionsCancer survivorship and care

Military-tailored yoga for veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder

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Cushing, Robin E, Braun, Kathryn L, Alden, C-IAYT, Susan W, Katz, Alan R·2018·Military Medicine

Abstract

Introduction: Among veterans of post-9/11 conflicts, estimates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) range from 9% shortly after returning from deployment to 31% a year after deployment. Clinical and pharmaceutically based treatments are underutilized. This could be due to concerns related to lost duty days, as well as PTSD patients' fears of stigma of having a mental health condition. Yoga has been shown to reduce PTSD symptoms in the civilian population, but few studies have tested the impact of yoga on veterans of post-9/11 conflicts. The purpose of this study is to test the impact of yoga on post-9/11 veterans diagnosed with PTSD. Materials and Methods: Participants were 18 yr of age or older and veterans of post-9/11 conflicts. They had subthreshold or diagnostic-level PTSD related to their combat military service, as determined by a score of 30 or higher on the PTSD Checklist-Military version (PCL-M). Veterans participated in 60-min weekly yoga sessions for 6 wk taught by a Warriors at Ease-trained yoga instructor who is a, post-9/11 veteran. The yoga sessions incorporated Vinyasa-style yoga and a trauma-sensitive, military-culture informed approach advocated by two separate organizations: Warriors at Ease and Meghan's Foundation. Data were collected at baseline and again after 7 wk. The primary outcome was PCL-M score. Participants also completed the Patient Health Questionnaire, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale at both time points. Results: Eighteen Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and Operation New Dawn veterans completed the pre- and post-intervention self-report questionnaires. Age ranged from 26 to 62 yr (median = 43 yr), length of service ranged from 2 to 34 yr (median = 18.8 yr), and 13 (72.2%) had completed college. Decreased PTSD symptomatology was demonstrated in the three-symptom clusters represented in the PCL-M (i.e., hyperarousal, re-experiencing, and avoidance). In addition, the total score on the PCL-M decreased significantly, by both statistical and clinical measures. The participants also demonstrated improved mindfulness scores and reported decreased insomnia, depression, and anxiety symptoms. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that a trauma-sensitive yoga intervention may be effective for veterans with PTSD symptoms, whether as stand-alone or adjunctive therapy. The impressive decrease in PTSD symptomatology may be due to the tailored military-specific nature of this intervention and the fact that it was led by a veteran of post-9/11 conflicts. More research is needed with a larger sample and a more diverse veteran population.

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  1. [4]American Psychiatric Association, & American Psychiatric Association (Eds.): Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5th ed). Washington, D.C., American Psychiatric Association, 2013.

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Authors
Cushing, R. E., Braun, K. L., Alden, C.-I., & Katz, A. R.
Affiliations
  • 1st Infantry Division, Attn. DIV SURG Office Bld. 580, 1st Division Rd., Fort Riley, KS 66442
  • University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
  • Géométrie algébrique et applications à la théorie de l'information (PF)
Venue
Military Medicine
Published
2018-02-05
Volume
183
Issue
5-6
Pages
e223-e231
ISSN
  • 0026-4075 (ISSN-L)
  • 1930-613X
OpenAlex
W2802412908
Cited by
36
References
56
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 1
FWCI
4.69
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Military Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
NIH
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
Keywords
post-traumatic stress disorder, veterans, yoga, trauma-sensitive yoga, military culture, Vinyasa yoga, hyperarousal, re-experiencing, avoidance, mindfulness, insomnia, anxiety, depression, post-9/11 conflicts, adjunctive therapy, mental health stigma, combat veterans, sleep quality, Operation Enduring Freedom
MeSH terms
Adult, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Veterans, Yoga, Iraq War, 2003-2011, Afghan Campaign 2001-, Mindfulness

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