The DOI matches its Crossref record; 65 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Reverse engineering the Milky Way
Open accessAbstract
The ages, metallicities, alpha-elements, and integrals of motion of globular clusters (GCs) accreted by the Milky Way from disrupted satellites remain largely unchanged over time. Here we have used these conserved properties in combination to assign 76 GCs to five progenitor satellite galaxies – one of which we dub the Koala dwarf galaxy. We fit a leaky-box chemical enrichment model to the age–metallicity distribution of GCs, deriving the effective yield and the formation epoch of each satellite. Based on scaling relations of GC counts we estimate the original halo mass, stellar mass, and mean metallicity of each satellite. The total stellar mass of the five accreted satellites contributed around 109 M⊙ in stars to the growth of the Milky Way but over 50 per cent of the Milky Way’s GC system. The five satellites formed at very early times and were likely accreted 8–11 Gyr ago, indicating rapid growth for the Milky Way in its early evolution. We suggest that at least three satellites were originally nucleated, with the remnant nucleus now a GC of the Milky Way. 11 GCs are also identified as having formed ex situ but could not be assigned to a single progenitor satellite.
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“For these reasons, the resulting estimates of the stellar masses represent (quite uncertain) upper limits, because they e ectively represent projected masses at z = 0 rather than at the time of accretion.”
From Kraken reveals itself – the merger history of the Milky Way reconstructed with the E-MOSAICS simulations (2020) · cites this paper as Forbes (2020)
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Cites
Simulating galaxy formation with the IllustrisTNG model
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The merger that led to the formation of the Milky Way’s inner stellar halo and thick disk
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THE UNIVERSAL STELLAR MASS-STELLAR METALLICITY RELATION FOR DWARF GALAXIES
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Gaia EDR3 view on galactic globular clusters
Vasiliev, E., & Baumgardt, H. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1475 · Cited by 492
Evidence from the H3 Survey That the Stellar Halo Is Entirely Comprised of Substructure
Naidu, R. P., Conroy, C., Bonaca, A., Johnson, B. D., 丁, Y.-S. 源. T., Caldwell, N., Zaritsky, D., & Cargile, P. A. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abaef4 · Cited by 449
Kruijssen, J. M. D., Pfeffer, J. L., Chevance, M., Bonaca, A., Trujillo-Gomez, S., Bastian, N., Reina-Campos, M., Crain, R. A., & Hughes, M. E. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2452 · Cited by 252
“For Sagittarius, the simulations of Law & Majewski (2010) and Niederste-Ostholt et al. (2012) suggest that it has been undergoing intense tidal disruption for the past 4−7 Gyr.”
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Malhan, K., Ibata, R., Sharma, S., Famaey, B., Bellazzini, M., Carlberg, R. G., D’Souza, R., Yuan, Z., Martin, N. F., & Thomas, G. F. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac4d2a · Cited by 172
Metadata
- Authors
- Forbes, D. A.
- Affiliations
- Swinburne University of Technology (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Forbes, Duncan A
- ORCID
- Forbes, Duncan A
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2020-01-29
- Volume
- 493
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 847-854
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W3004510381
- Cited by
- 168
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 20
- FWCI
- 10.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- ARC (DP160101608)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Keywords
- globular clusters, Milky Way accretion history, age-metallicity relation, first integrals, alpha elements
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