The EAGLE simulations of galaxy formation: calibration of subgrid physics and model variations
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We present results from 13 cosmological simulations that explore the parameter space of the ‘Evolution and Assembly of GaLaxies and their Environments’ (EAGLE) simulation project. Four of the simulations follow the evolution of a periodic cube L = 50 cMpc on a side, and each employs a different subgrid model of the energetic feedback associated with star formation. The relevant parameters were adjusted so that the simulations each reproduce the observed galaxy stellar mass function at z = 0.1. Three of the simulations fail to form disc galaxies as extended as observed, and we show analytically that this is a consequence of numerical radiative losses that reduce the efficiency of stellar feedback in high-density gas. Such losses are greatly reduced in the fourth simulation – the EAGLE reference model – by injecting more energy in higher density gas. This model produces galaxies with the observed size distribution, and also reproduces many galaxy scaling relations. In the remaining nine simulations, a single parameter or process of the reference model was varied at a time. We find that the properties of galaxies with stellar mass ≲ M⋆ (the ‘knee’ of the galaxy stellar mass function) are largely governed by feedback associated with star formation, while those of more massive galaxies are also controlled by feedback from accretion on to their central black holes. Both processes must be efficient in order to reproduce the observed galaxy population. In general, simulations that have been calibrated to reproduce the low-redshift galaxy stellar mass function will still not form realistic galaxies, but the additional requirement that galaxy sizes be acceptable leads to agreement with a large range of observables.
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Turbulent Structure of a Stratified Supernova‐driven Interstellar Medium
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Feedback and Recycled Wind Accretion: Assembling the z = 0 Galaxy Mass FunctionPreprint
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The case for AGN feedback in galaxy groups
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Self-citationThe Formation of a Realistic Disk Galaxy in Λ‐dominated Cosmologies
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The rates and modes of gas accretion on to galaxies and their gaseous haloes
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Self-citationWHAT DRIVES THE EXPANSION OF GIANT H II REGIONS?: A STUDY OF STELLAR FEEDBACK IN 30 DORADUS
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Tomczak, A., Quadri, R., Tran, K., et al. (2024) · OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries) · doi:10.25916/sut.26218643 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Effects of feedback on the morphology of galaxy discs
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GALICS I: A hybrid N-body semi-analytic model of hierarchical galaxy formationPreprint
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Modeling galaxy formation in evolving dark matter halos
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Cosmic ray feedback in hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy formation
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Hierarchical formation of bulgeless galaxies: why outflows have low angular momentum
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Dark matter haloes determine the masses of supermassive black holes
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Evolution of clouds in radio galaxy cocoons
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Self-citationNew Developments in Understanding the HR Diagram
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How supernova explosions power galactic winds
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Self-citationThe History of the Baryon Budget: Cosmic Logistics in a Hierarchical UniversePreprint
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On the Origin of the Galaxy Star-Formation-Rate Sequence: Evolution and ScatterPreprint
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Self-citationA new way of setting the phases for cosmological multiscale Gaussian initial conditions
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Self-citationThe nature and origin of low-redshift O vi absorbers
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Multiphase Smoothed-Particle Hydrodynamics
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Crushing of interstellar gas clouds in supernova remnants
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Second-order Lagrangian perturbation theory initial conditions for resimulations
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Clustered supernovae versus the gaseous disk and halo
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The local star formation rate density: assessing calibrations using [O ii], H and UV luminosities
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Self-citationFormation of Disk Galaxies: Feedback and the Angular Momentum problemPreprint
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The impact of supernova-driven winds on stream-fed protogalaxies
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Self-citationLu, Y., Mo, H. J., Katz, N. S., & Weinberg, M. D. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20435.x · Cited by 71 · see citing works
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Self-citationRossi, M. E. D., Tissera, P. B., & Scannapieco, C. (2006) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11150.x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Monte Carlo Markov Chain Parameter Estimation in Semi-Analytic Models of Galaxy FormationPreprint
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Numerical overcooling in shocksPreprint
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Self-citationMonolithic or hierarchical star formation? A new statistical analysis
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Krause, M., Fierlinger, K., Diehl, R., et al. (2012) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1207.7231 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
CONDITIONS FOR SUPERNOVAE-DRIVEN GALACTIC WINDS
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The metallicity of galactic winds
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Self-citationde Rossi, M. E., Tissera, P. B., & Scannapieco, C. (2006) · Conicet · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Numerical simulations of shocks encountering clumpy regions
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Obreja, A., Brook, C., Stinson, G., Dom'inguez-Tenreiro, R., Gibson, B., Silva, L., & Granato, G. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stu891 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Haas, M., Schaye, J., Booth, C. M., et al. (2013) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1488 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationSuperbubble breakout and galactic winds from disc galaxies
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Research works printed but not linked: 12
- Correa C. A., Wyithe J. S. B., Schaye J., Duffy A. R., 2014, preprint (arXiv:e-prints)
- Furlong M. et al., 2015, preprint (arXiv:e-prints)
- Henriques B., White S., Thomas P., Angulo R., Guo Q., Lemson G., Springel V., Overzier R., 2014, preprint (arXiv:e-prints)
- Hopkins P. F., 2014, preprint (arXiv:e-prints)
- Jenkins A., Booth S., 2013, preprint (arXiv:e-prints)
- Khandai N., Di Matteo T., Croft R., Wilkins S. M., Feng Y., Tucker E., DeGraf C., Liu M.-S., 2014, preprint (arXiv:e-prints)
- Kravtsov A., Vikhlinin A., Meshscheryakov A., 2014, preprint (arXiv:e-prints)
- Mitra S., Davé R., Finlator K., 2014, preprint (arXiv:e-prints)
- Rosas-Guevara Y. M. et al., 2013, preprint (arXiv:e-prints)
- Sawala T. et al., 2014, preprint (arXiv:e-prints)
- Snyder G. F. et al., 2015, preprint (arXiv:e-prints)
- Zahid J., Dima G., Kudritzki R., Kewley L., Geller M., Hwang H. S., Silverman J., Kashino D., 2014, preprint (arXiv:e-prints)
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Evolution of galaxy stellar masses and star formation rates in the eagle simulations
Furlong, M., Bower, R. G., Theuns, T., Schaye, J., Crain, R. A., Schaller, M., Dalla Vecchia, C., Frenk, C. S., McCarthy, I. G., Helly, J., et al. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv852 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Self-citationThe milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2
Cautun, M., Benítez-Llambay, A., Deason, A. J., Frenk, C. S., Fattahi, A., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Oman, K. A., Navarro, J. F., & Simpson, C. M. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1017 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
“…were run with a modified version of the Gadget 3 code (Springel 2005) with the reference EAGLE galaxy formation models (Schaye et al. 2015; Crain et al. 2015), which were calibrated to reproduce the galaxy mass function, galaxy sizes and the relation between black hole mass and galaxy…”
MethodSelf-citationThe Milky Way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2
Cautun, M., Benitez-Llambay, A., Deason, A. J., Frenk, C. S., Fattahi, A., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Oman, K. A., Navarro, J. F., & Simpson, C. M. (2019) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1911.04557 · Cited by 335
Self-citationMackereth, J. T., Schiavon, R. P., Pfeffer, J., Hayes, C. R., Bovy, J., Anguiano, B., Prieto, C. A., Hasselquist, S., Holtzman, J., Johnson, J. A., et al. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2955 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Kruijssen, J. M. D., Pfeffer, J. L., Chevance, M., Bonaca, A., Trujillo-Gomez, S., Bastian, N., Reina-Campos, M., Crain, R. A., & Hughes, M. E. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2452 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
“The mass growth history results from com- paring the age-metallicity distribution of in-situ GCs, formed in the Main progenitor of the Milky Way, to the age-metallicity-mass distribution of central galaxies in the EAGLE simulations.”
MethodSelf-citationColours and luminosities of <i>z</i> = 0.1 galaxies in the eagle simulation
Trayford, J. W., Theuns, T., Bower, R. G., Schaye, J., Furlong, M., Schaller, M., Frenk, C. S., Crain, R. A., Vecchia, C. D., & McCarthy, I. G. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1461 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Self-citationPfeffer, J., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Crain, R. A., & Bastian, N. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx3124 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Self-citationThe apostle project: Local Group kinematic mass constraints and simulation candidate selection
Fattahi, A., Navarro, J. F., Sawala, T., Frenk, C. S., Oman, K. A., Crain, R. A., Furlong, M., Schaller, M., Schaye, J., Theuns, T., et al. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2970 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Self-citationReverse engineering the Milky Way
Forbes, D. A. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa245 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
The mass of the Milky Way from satellite dynamics
Callingham, T. M., Cautun, M., Deason, A. J., Frenk, C. S., Wang, W., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Marinacci, F., & Pakmor, R. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz365 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Self-citationDavies, J. J., Crain, R. A., Oppenheimer, B. D., & Schaye, J. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3201 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Self-citationThe local high-velocity tail and the Galactic escape speed
Deason, A. J., Fattahi, A., Belokurov, V., Evans, N. W., Grand, R. J. J., Marinacci, F., & Pakmor, R. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz623 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Huang, S., Leauthaud, A., Greene, J. E., Bundy, K., Lin, Y.-T., Tanaka, M., Miyazaki, S., & Komiyama, Y. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx3200 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Simulated Milky Way analogues: implications for dark matter direct searches
Bozorgnia, N., Calore, F., Schaller, M., Lovell, M., Bertone, G., Frenk, C. S., Crain, R. A., Navarro, J. F., Schaye, J., & Theuns, T. (2016) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2016/05/024 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationDutton, A. A., Macciò, A. V., Dekel, A., Wang, L., Stinson, G., Obreja, A., Di Cintio, A., Brook, C., Buck, T., & Kang, X. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1537 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Identifying galaxy mergers in observations and simulations with deep learning
Pearson, W. J., Wang, L., Trayford, J. W., Petrillo, C. E., & van der Tak, F. F. S. (2019) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935355 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationAlignments between galaxies, satellite systems and haloes
Shao, S., Cautun, M., Frenk, C. S., Gao, L., Crain, R. A., Schaller, M., Schaye, J., & Theuns, T. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1247 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationFossil stellar streams and their globular cluster populations in the E-MOSAICS simulations
Hughes, M. E., Pfeffer, J., Martig, M., Bastian, N., Crain, R. A., Kruijssen, J. M. D., & Reina-Campos, M. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2889 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Crain, R. A., Schaye, J., Bower, R. G., Furlong, M., Schaller, M., Theuns, T., Dalla Vecchia, C., Frenk, C. S., McCarthy, I. G., Helly, J. C., Jenkins, A., Rosas-Guevara, Y. M., White, S. D. M., & Trayford, J. W.
- Affiliations
- Leiden University (NL)
- Durham University (GB)
- Liverpool John Moores University (GB)
- Lyon 1 Université (FR)
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Crain, Robert A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2015-04-29
- Volume
- 450
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1937-1961
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W2015637674
- Cited by
- 1,451
- References
- 180
- Citations by year
- 2026: 91 · 2025: 138 · 2024: 137 · 2023: 148 · 2022: 161 · 2021: 121 · 2020: 167 · 2019: 157 · 2018: 104 · 2017: 104 · 2016: 92 · 2015: 31
- FWCI
- 62.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
- Liverpool John Moores University (acceptedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (No.NSF PHY11-25915, ST/K003267/1, ST/H008519/1, FP7/2007-2013, ST/K00042X/1, NSF PHY-11-25915)
- Durham University (ST/K00042X/1, ST/K003267/1, ST/H008519/1)
- Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe AISBL
- Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (AP P7/08 CHARM)
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (ST/K00042X/1, FP7 2007-2013, ST/H008519/1)
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/I000976/1, ST/H008519, ST/I004459/2, ST/K00042X/1, ST/L00061X/1, ST/I00162X/1, ST/L00075X/1, FP7/2007-2013, ST/M007006/1, ST/I004459/1, ST/F001166/1, ST/H008519/1, ST/K003267/1)
- FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (278594, 267291, 321334)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Keywords
- EAGLE simulation, galaxy formation, stellar feedback, radiative cooling, galaxy size distribution, galaxy stellar mass function, galaxy scaling relations, disk galaxies, high-redshift galaxies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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